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April 25th this year is the 30th Children’s Immunization Day in China.
Let every child rest assured of vaccination.

April 25th this year is the 30th Children’s Immunization Day in China. The theme is: Vaccinate according to law and enjoy a healthy life. Vaccine is used to prevent diseases in healthy people, and the first requirement of the state is safety. Before the vaccine is registered, it needs to undergo strict animal experiments and clinical research to ensure that it will not cause harm to the vaccinators. Before the vaccine is put on the market, a strict batch issuance system is implemented. Yu Wenzhou, chief physician of the Center for Immunization Planning of China CDC, said that only by ensuring the safety of vaccines can every child be safely vaccinated.

The vaccination rate of the national immunization program is 90%

Yu Wenzhou said that vaccination according to law is the right of every child. No matter in developed cities or remote mountainous areas, despite the differences in the environment of vaccination sites, every child can be guaranteed to be vaccinated safely in China. The vaccination work chain finally extends to the primary vaccination clinic through the district and county level CDC. Vaccination clinics are usually set up in community health service centers or township hospitals, which is the operation link of vaccination. Each vaccine will be vaccinated for school-age people in strict accordance with standardized vaccination procedures.

Since the implementation of planned immunization in China in 1978, the incidence and death of measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis and tetanus have been reduced by popularizing children’s immunization. In 2000, China was confirmed to be polio-free. In 2002, the neonatal hepatitis B vaccine was included in the national immunization program; In 2007, the national immunization program was expanded, and hepatitis A vaccine and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine were included in the national immunization program, and 14 national immunization program vaccines prevented 15 diseases. In 1988, 1990 and 1996, China’s BCG vaccine, polio vaccine, DTP vaccine and measles vaccine reached the goal of 85% in provinces, counties and townships respectively. At present, the vaccination rate of the national immunization program with townships as the unit has reached the goal of 90%.

Cui Fuqiang, deputy director of the Center for Immunization Planning of China CDC, said that China has established a well-functioning reporting system for suspected adverse reactions of vaccination, and all vaccines currently used have monitoring and statistical data on adverse reactions. All kinds of vaccines used in formal channels are safe and effective.

Vaccine safety problems are directly "killed"

From research and development to injection to human body, a vaccine has to undergo strict safety management to play a role in preventing diseases. The quality standard of vaccine contains safety, effectiveness and other indicators. Vaccine production enterprises produce vaccines under the guidance of good manufacturing practice (GMP), and the State Food and Drug Administration conducts the strictest supervision on vaccine production and implements the batch issuance and release system.

Yang Xiaoming, director of the National Joint Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center and chairman of China Biotechnology Co., Ltd., said that a vaccine has to go through at least 8 or even 20 years of research and development from research and development to marketing, and the vaccine has to undergo strict animal experiments and clinical research before it is registered, and the vaccine has to implement a strict batch issuance system before it is put on the market. Every link from research and development to production, if there is a safety problem with the vaccine, it will be directly "killed".

Many people believe that imported vaccines are more reliable and safer than domestic vaccines. Yang Xiao said that the revised version of GMP in 2010, which is followed by vaccine manufacturers, can be described as the "Chinese version" of EU GMP. In order to pass this certification, various enterprises have invested heavily, and Sinopharm Zhongsheng has invested nearly 10 billion yuan in hardware upgrade and management improvement. After the promulgation and implementation of the 2010 edition of China Pharmacopoeia, some imported live attenuated vaccines were withdrawn from the domestic market because of antibiotic residues or Vero cell DNA residue standards.

Japanese encephalitis is a disease spread by mosquito bites, which can cause brain inflammation. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure. The vaccine is independently developed in China and has independent intellectual property rights. It was approved by the former Ministry of Health in 1998 and has been used for more than 600 million doses so far, providing effective immune protection for hundreds of millions of children. This is the first vaccine to go abroad in China, the first China vaccine purchased by UNICEF, and the first time that GAVI adopted a vaccine from China to promote epidemic control.

"Fragile" vaccines undergo rigorous and challenging tests.

Because vaccines are sensitive to temperature, every link from the vaccine manufacturing department to the site where vaccines are used may fail due to high temperature. China has established a cold chain system to complete the operation of the vaccine, ensuring that the vaccine has proper refrigeration equipment in the whole process from production, storage, transportation, distribution to use, so that the vaccine is always kept in a prescribed cold state, ensuring that the reasonable titer of the vaccine is not damaged, and the vaccine will not fail due to temperature.

In fact, these seemingly "fragile" vaccines have undergone harsh and challenging tests. Only vaccines that pass challenging tests have a chance to get listed. Generally speaking, the challenge test of vaccine is to make the vaccine accept various harsh challenges such as temperature, light, vibration, repeated freezing and thawing, and even oxidation to see under what conditions it can still remain qualified. Challenge test of vaccine generally includes accelerated stability test and compulsory condition test of vaccine.

In April 2015, china food and drug administration issued the "Technical Guiding Principles for Stability Research of Biological Products", which clearly stipulated the requirements and standards for challenging tests of vaccines. Every vaccine should be challenged in the R&D registration stage before marketing according to this guiding principle. That is, the vaccine is placed at 37 degrees Celsius for a certain period of time (ranging from 2 days to 4 weeks) before it goes on the market. If the decline value of effective components (such as the number of live bacteria, virus titer or titer) is within an acceptable range, and the vaccine as a whole is still qualified, it can be judged that the vaccine is a qualified product, and then released for the market. China Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products should also check the thermal stability of products when issuing vaccines in batches. The test results can be used as the basis for formulating the validity period and storage conditions of the vaccine.

"Safe vaccines are the most effective." Cui Fuqiang said that the vaccine made human beings take the initiative for the first time in the face of the threat of infectious diseases, and played an irreplaceable role in reducing mortality and improving life expectancy per capita. (Reporter Wang Junping)　

　　Recently, Ms. Han, a citizen of Jinan, encountered a strange thing. Her car was obviously parked in the unit parking lot on Qianfoshan South Road, but Ms. Han’s parking record appeared in Huaneng Road parking lot 10 kilometers away that day. After several inquiries, it turned out that it was caused by an error in the identification of the parking electronic scanning system, which mistakenly identified T in the actual parking vehicle license plate number as M in Ms. Han’s vehicle license plate number. The reporter learned that when the weather is bad, such as cloudy days, there will be more errors in the parking scanning system, reminding the public to pay attention to their parking bills in time.

　　Surprise: the vehicle was charged 10 kilometers away.

　　On October 14th, Ms. Han drove to work in the unit on Qianfoshan South Road as usual, and has been parking her car in the unit. However, in the afternoon, Ms. Han’s parking record appeared in Huaneng Road North parking lot 10 kilometers away, and 4 yuan’s parking fee was owed.

　　Such a strange thing, if it weren’t for Ms. Han’s accidental "asking one more question" when parking, I’m afraid Ms. Han wouldn’t have found it by now.

　　Ms. Han told the reporter that on October 24, when she casually asked the parking lot administrator in Jiefangge parking lot, "Is there any arrears for her car?" The parking administrator told Ms. Han, "There is a parking record in Huaneng Road North parking lot, the time is October 14, and there is a parking fee owed to 4 yuan."

　　"The reason why I asked this question was because I paid special attention to my personal credit record. I just asked by the way at that time, and he did." Ms. Han said that if it weren’t for this casual question, the inexplicable deduction 10 days ago might have been fooled.

　　The parking administrator’s answer surprised Ms. Han. "I was in the unit all day on the 14th, and my car has been parked in the unit. There is monitoring to testify. How can I have my parking record there? And it is still so far away, I have never stopped at Huaneng Road. " Ms. Han said, however, the parking administrator did inquire about Ms. Han’s parking record on Huaneng Road through the machine. "The administrator told me that I stopped there from one o’clock to three o’clock on October 14, and I didn’t pay the parking fee at that time. It was 4 yuan."

　　Although there was doubt about the parking administrator’s answer at that time, Ms. Han handed in the "owed" 4 yuan money at that time, considering her personal credit information.

　　Solution: the scanning system recognizes "CT" as "CM"

　　Obviously, my car is parked in the unit all day, why does it inexplicably appear in the parking lot 10 kilometers away, and there is no parking fee? For this matter, Ms. Han always confirmed after repeated memories that she did not stop at Huaneng Road that day. "Is it that your car has been deck?" Ms. Han was so suspicious at first, but by inquiring about the illegal record of her vehicle, Ms. Han ruled out the possibility that the vehicle was deck.

　　"I specially checked my illegal record and found that there are no other illegal records. If it is a deck, just to avoid parking fees, the illegal cost is too low. Then I think there may be a problem with the parking system. " Ms. Han told reporters. The next day, Ms. Han called the complaint phone number of Jinan Parking Group and wanted to ask a clear question.

　　Through online inquiry, Ms. Han found the complaint hotline published by Jinan Parking Group: 0531-66690539, but what made Ms. Han angry was that the complaint hotline was dialed many times and no one answered. "I made that call for two days in a row and no one answered it. This call was published in the newspaper, but no one answered it all the time. Later, I tried to change the tail number and finally got through the phone. "

　　Ms. Han introduced that after inquiring, the staff of Jinan Parking Group found that there was indeed a problem with the parking electronic scanning system. "At that time, the staff told me that there was a problem with the system, because my license plate number was followed by CM, but the license plate number of the car parked at Huaneng Road at that time was CT, and the system recognized T as M, so there would be my parking record."

　　In addition, the staff of the parking group also told Ms. Han that there had been errors in the parking electronic scanning system before, but generally there were errors in the recognition between the letters O and D and the number 0, which was rare like Ms. Han.

　　Question: Is the manual confirmation link a decoration?

　　Regarding the problem reflected by Ms. Han, the staff of Jinan Parking Group admitted that there was an error in the scanning system and would return the 4 yuan money paid by Ms. Han to Ms. Han’s account, but when it could be returned, the staff of Jinan Parking Group did not give an accurate answer.

　　"In fact, 4 yuan doesn’t have much money. The key is that I can’t call again and again for this 4 yuan money, can I? And the staff said they would report it to the top. Which top will they report it to? There is no apology in the whole process, and I feel that the attitude of serving us is not good. " Ms. Han said.

　　What makes Ms. Han question most is how high is the error rate of the parking electronic scanning system? The difference between the letters "T" and "M" is so obvious, why does the system still recognize the error? "It’s understandable for you to identify 0 as O or D, but identifying T as M makes me doubt the error rate of the parking system. The staff said that the system has just been online, but it is not just online. It has been running for almost 2 months since September, and there will be such a low-level error."

　　In addition, Ms. Han also said in an interview with reporters, "The staff said that the parking scanning system passed the two processes of machine identification and manual confirmation, so since there was manual confirmation, why did it go wrong? Has the parking group trained parking managers? Since the road public resources are handed over to them for management, are they also responsible for us? "

　　Survey: The administrator said that everyone made mistakes, and the error rate was related to the weather conditions.

　　Parking berths on both sides of Shanshi East Road have been using the parking scanning identification system to collect parking fees online since July this year, and it will be officially used on September 1. About 300 meters from Jingshi Road to the west gate of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are two parking managers in charge of parking charges on both sides of the road.

　　On the 29th, the reporter came to Shanshi East Road in this section and found that two parking managers kept patrolling the vehicles on both sides of the road. "From the time the vehicle enters the venue, we take two photos and then take another photo when the vehicle leaves the venue. During the parking period, we must take another photo every hour to keep the license. After taking the photo, the system will automatically identify the license plate number and transmit it to the system. The owner can scan the code or pay the fare online by himself." One of the parking managers said.

　　The parking administrator told the reporter that the parking scanning instrument in his hand was uniformly equipped by the company. The reporter saw that when the parking administrator takes a picture of the parked vehicle, the scanner will automatically identify the license plate number of the parked vehicle and display the license plate number on the scanner. After the parking administrator confirms it, the license plate number will be transmitted to the toll collection system in the form of data.

　　Regarding the recognition errors that may occur in the scanning system, the parking administrator told the reporter, "It is impossible to be 100% correct. Everyone has had system errors, and I have had them myself, but there are too many times when they can’t appear, so the company can’t find you." When the weather is bad, such as cloudy days, there will be more errors in the scanning system. "Especially when it rains on cloudy days, the data can’t always be uploaded, so we will input it manually."

　　In this regard, many car owners ridiculed that since the parking electronic toll collection system has been fully implemented, both hardware and software should keep up. "Now the hardware is actually affected by the weather, and the manual confirmation link is often negligent, which makes people uneasy."

　　Low on-site charging rate indirectly improves error rate.

　　On a section about 300 meters east of Shanshi Road, two parking wardens kept patrolling back and forth, but one of them told reporters, "I still can’t take care of the vehicles."

　　During the interview, a car owner who planned to leave the scene called the parking attendant from a distance. The reporter saw that at this time, the parking administrator took another photo of the vehicle that was about to leave, and after clicking the "Leave" button, the parking scanning instrument automatically displayed the parking time and parking fee of the owner, and the owner only needed to scan the QR code on the instrument to make online payment.

　　However, the administrator told the reporter that there are not many car owners who take the initiative to greet the administrator to leave. "Inadvertently, there will be parked vehicles. You see, when I was taking pictures just now, a car from Hebei left." The parking administrator said, "The on-site charging rate is about 30%, and most car owners will leave without waiting for us to take photos, but car owners who leave by themselves can also pay their own fees after paying attention to WeChat official account. However, if it is not confirmed at the scene, it will make it difficult to find the error after it appears. "

　　The parking office responded that the specific error rate was not calculated.

　　For the situation encountered by Ms. Han, the reporter contacted a related staff member of Jinan Urban Parking Construction Operation Management Group Co., Ltd. The staff told the reporter that after the implementation of the electronic parking scanning system in Jinan, some problems of arbitrary charges in reality have been solved. In view of the situation encountered by Ms. Han, the staff will reply to solve the problem according to the process, and the company will refund the fees caused by errors in the scanning system in time according to the procedures.

　　The staff member said that since the Jinan parking electronic scanning system went online, it has not encountered a similar situation, but there are indeed some letters and numbers that are wrongly recognized. However, when the system is wrongly recognized, the on-site parking administrator will make changes manually. "Overall, the error rate of the system is still relatively low."

　　As for the error rate of the parking electronic scanning system, the staff said that there is no exact statistics at present. "The data in each district may be different. We don’t have a specific error rate yet."

Original MKLA watches the middle east

The reading time is about 5 min.

Introduction: For countless people who died in the past wars, 82 Iranians, 57 Canadians, 11 Ukrainians, 10 Swedes, 4 Afghans, 3 Germans and 3 Britons, and for countless people who died in future wars. For the countless that had perished in wars; for the 82 Iranians, 57 Canadians, 11 Ukrainians, 10 Swedes, 4 Afghans, 3 Germans, and 3 British nationals; for the countless that will perish in wars.

One-fifth of the Iranian nuclear deal’s four and a half years.

On July 14th, 2015, the "P5+1" countries-Germany and five members of the Security Council, including Britain, France, China, the United States and Russia-signed the Joint Action Plan with Iran, commonly known as the Iranian nuclear deal.

The main constraints of the agreement on Iran are:

Low enriched uranium stocks decreased by 97% to 300 kg;

Within 15 years, the concentration of enriched uranium shall not exceed 3.67%;

Seal up the second-generation centrifuges, and reduce the first-generation centrifuges by at least two thirds;

Limit the operation of a factory in Natanz;

Allow the International Atomic Energy Agency to supervise all declared facilities, including military facilities.

Accordingly, the concessions to reduce sanctions include:

United Nations and some EU sanctions against Iran will be suspended or suspended;

Within eight years, the EU will even stop economic sanctions against Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps;

The United States will stop sanctions against countries that have economic exchanges with Iran;

The restriction that American domestic enterprises are not allowed to trade with Iran remains unchanged;

The sanctions imposed by the United States on Iran for human rights issues remain unchanged;

The ban on the transfer of ballistic missile technology to Iran is maintained for 8 years and conventional weapons for 5 years.

On January 16th, 2016, the Iranian nuclear deal was officially implemented.

US President Barack Obama lifted economic sanctions against Iran according to the agreement.

Iranian President Rouhani said in a national statement: "We Iranians reach out to the world with a friendly attitude, put aside hatred, suspicion and conspiracy, and open a new chapter in Iran’s relations with the world."

Signature of Negotiator (https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/223984/–)

On May 8, 2018, US President Trump announced that the United States had withdrawn from the Iranian nuclear agreement and re-imposed the highest level of economic sanctions on Iran. It came into effect in November 2018.

As of May 2019, the International Atomic Energy Agency certified that Iran still abides by the main provisions of the the Iranian nuclear deal.

In the same month, the United States terminated the exemption of sanctions against third-party countries for importing oil from Iran. Subsequently, Iran announced that it would no longer fulfill some of its commitments in the the Iranian nuclear deal after 60 days, but at the same time, it also said that all its measures would be reversible, and once the remaining five countries gave an acceptable solution, it would continue to fulfill the agreement.

Since then, with the aggravation of American sanctions and the continuous expansion of damage, Iran has symbolically broken through the critical value of the agreement several times, hoping to put pressure on the international community and find a way out for the Iranian economy.

On July 7, 2019, Iran announced that its enriched uranium concentration would exceed 3.67%.

On November 4, Iran’s enriched uranium concentration exceeded 4.5%. Thirty new centrifuges were also restarted, doubling the total number of centrifuges to 60.

On November 7, Iran resumed uranium enrichment activities at the underground nuclear facility in Fordo.

On January 5, 2020, the American air raid on Baghdad airport killed Qassem Suleimani, commander of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Al-Quds Army.

That night, Iran announced that it would suspend the implementation of the the Iranian nuclear deal, but it would continue to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency.

2/5 From Economic Sanctions to the Iranian nuclear deal

Over the past decade or so, Iran has been able to sit back at the negotiating table, thanks to the all-round economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations, the United States and the European Union.

At first, the ruling clique was able to use international sanctions to create a sense of isolation in Iran and consolidate nationalist sentiment against foreign enemies. But by the end of 2011, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei had to admit that the sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union were "not without waves" and "had an impact after all".

Iran’s unique political system provides a relatively controllable way to vent public opinion.

Facing the economic pressure, the limited democratic election system provides a Velayat-e Faqih for theocracy. On the one hand, the presidential campaign has provided people with a sense of satisfaction in political participation to a certain extent; On the other hand, even if the candidates acceptable to the Constitutional Supervision Committee are selected, the weight of public opinion still contains some opportunities for reform.

On June 16th, 2013, hassan rouhani, a scholar of Islamic law, doctor of law studying in Britain, former First Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council (Showraye Aliye Amniyate Melli), former chief nuclear negotiator, member of the expert meeting responsible for electing Iran’s supreme leader (Majles-e Khobregan-e Rahbari) and the only moderate conservative candidate, was elected as the seventh Iranian President.

Through this bridge between reformists and hardline conservatives, Iran’s international status has also improved in recent years.

Rouhani (Meghdad Madadi/Tasnim News Agency) when he was just elected president.

The Iranian President/Foreign Minister/Foreign Ministry spokesperson sent a tweet to congratulate the Jewish holiday, which was unimaginable during Ahmadinejad’s tenure.

3/5 Defend revolutionaries and vested interests.

However, on the thorny road to reform, Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enghelab-e Eslami is the biggest obstacle in the system.

The Revolutionary Guard Corps was established after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, and was directly subordinate to the Supreme Leader.

In this way, two armies appeared in Iran.

One is the regular army-the army of the new Islamic Republic of Iran absorbed some officers and men of the former Royal Iranian Army, and was entrusted with the responsibility of defending national sovereignty and maintaining national order by the Constitution.

The other is the Revolutionary Guard-whose duty is to consolidate the Islamic revolutionary regime and supervise the former.

Today, the Revolutionary Guard has about 125,000 soldiers from the armed forces, including the navy, which is responsible for controlling the Persian Gulf. It has its own intelligence department and special forces "Sepah-e Qods". The Revolutionary Guard also governs the "Basij", with about 90,000 militiamen and 300,000 reserves.

David Dionisi, a former US intelligence official, believes that quds force’s tentacles are distributed as above in the world.

In 1982, Soleimani in the Iran-Iraq War.

From 1980 to 1988, the Iran-Iraq war broke out and the newly established Islamic Republic was in a bitter struggle.

On the battlefield, loyal revolutionary guards and countless Basij volunteers took the lead. Baski often acts as a death squad, removing mines and attracting enemy fire with flesh and blood.

At home, because the new government is weak in economy and politics, it has to rely on the Revolutionary Guard to develop the national defense industry and even run the state machinery. As a result, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which seized this opportunity, quickly developed its military strength and scientific research skills at the beginning of its birth, and also developed a huge economic context that was not under the jurisdiction of the central government.

The Revolutionary Guards completed another stage of barbaric growth during Ahmadinejad’s term.

In order to consolidate his populist foundation composed of low-income people and militia, the president who is said to have joined Basij in the Iran-Iraq war has launched a series of plans to redistribute oil.

Profiteers are naturally not ordinary people.

During the privatization of state-owned enterprises, nearly half of the shares fell into the hands of semi-state-owned groups related to the Revolutionary Guard.

At the same time, due to the deadlock over the Iranian nuclear issue, the European Union also withdrew from the Iranian market after the implementation of multilateral sanctions, which forced Iran’s trade to be on a par with Asia. However, private enterprises have neither enough capital nor are good at dealing with bureaucracy, so the Revolutionary Guard naturally fills the gap in the market.

Therefore, although Iran’s economy has been hit hard by sanctions before, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and related privileged organizations have been able to draw nutrients from the situation of scarce resources and opportunities.

It is foreseeable that before globalization, democratization, anti-corruption reform and so on touch their rights and interests, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards will try to nip them in the bud.

4/5 A stumbling block to foreign policy

After the the Iranian nuclear deal came into effect on January 26th, 2016, Iran’s contradictions in foreign policy further surfaced.

As vested interests, conservatives constantly provoke western countries, causing embarrassment to supporters of normalization of international relations, in an attempt to undermine the implementation of the agreement.

For example, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps tested medium-range ballistic missiles at intervals, boasted during the review, and its words were as extreme as ever. In Syria, Yemen and Iraq, the Revolutionary Guards are still carrying out military intervention that runs counter to the international mainstream.

The different needs of diplomatic relations and geopolitics are tearing the Iranian government apart.

As a Shiite island, Iran’s insecurity is not difficult to understand. In the eight-year Iran-Iraq War, nearly one million people were killed on both sides, ranging from trench killing to chemical weapons. This blood-soaked war has branded an indelible pain in the hearts of a whole generation: only a military power can avoid foreign aggression.

In 2003, American troops invaded Iraq. On December 30, 2006, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein died on the gallows. The sudden fall of the arch-rival once again deeply stimulated the leadership of Iran: if it is too late to distract the United States from the chaos in the Middle East, who will be hanged next?

In this way, facing the top priority of national security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which tried to improve Iran’s economy by easing sanctions, was naturally marginalized.

Even when Syrian President Bashar al-Assad visited Tehran and met with Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and President Rouhani, Foreign Minister Jawad Zarif didn’t have a chance to appear.

A year ago, on February 26th, Zarif announced his resignation on Instagram, and he didn’t return to work until President Rouhani refused to resign. In the interview, he once said that he hoped to inspire his colleagues in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to strive for the diplomatic authority entrusted by law, instead of becoming a victim of factional fighting.

I am afraid Zarif will suffer even more this week.

Perhaps it is a joke of history. Iran always chooses a tough conservative president when the attitude of the United States is a little slow, and when it finally chooses a more moderate president, it meets an intransigent American president-

This time, Trump, who played against Rouhani, directly withdrew from the Iranian nuclear deal and assassinated Iranian military officer Soleimani, who was not a hidden goal, which opened a hell mode for Iran’s difficult internal affairs and diplomacy.

Rouhani tweeted its condolences over the crash of a passenger plane hit by a missile. According to Iranian official reports, the Ukrainian Airlines passenger plane was shot down because it was close to the "important military base" of the "Islamic Revolutionary Guards" and was misjudged as a cruise missile.

After the missile crashed by mistake, there was an anti-government demonstration in Iran, and Trump tweeted that he was with the Iranian people.

5/5 personal strength and institutional inertia

Soleimani, the general of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, "died heroically as a national hero", finally ruined the Iranian nuclear deal, which was written by diplomats with more than ten years of painstaking efforts. Personally, he may also get his long-cherished wish.

So, does the limitation of Iran’s reform mean that military strike is the only solution?

In the state machine, Soleimani is not the only one that can’t be replaced. If one is assassinated, another will always take over. Although he may not have the talent of uniting Lian Heng in the dark and in the light, he can also create enough chaos.

Once a head-on conflict breaks out, Iranian nationals who had hoped for the United States and Europe and prayed for democratic reform will be inspired by nationalism and once again arm themselves with hostile armor and a sharp knife. After all, nationalism can transcend the pursuit of living standards, even life. They will also give their blood to the Revolutionary Guard.

The new war will only create a new generation of hardliners and miss the next 20 years.

I also sincerely hope that the brave Iranians who have become dissidents because they love Iran will not easily lose their way again in the complicated voices.

■

Bibliography

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Borszik, Oliver. "International Sanctions Against Iran and Tehran’s Responses: Political Effects on the Targeted Regime." Contemporary Politics22, no. 1 (December 12, 2015): 20-39. doi:10.1080/13569775.2015.1112951.

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. "The Foreign Policy of Iran." In Iran’s Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Ahmadinejad. Ithaca, NY: Ithaca Press, 2008.

Forozan, Hesam, and Afshin Shahi. "The Military and the State in Iran: The Economic Rise of the Revolutionary Guards." The Middle East Journal 71, no. 1 (January 2017): 67-86. doi:10.3751/71.1.14.

“Iran president rejects Foreign Minister Zarif’s resignation.” BBC. February 27, 2019. Accessed January 11, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47370098.

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Rezaei, Farhad. "Irans Normalization Project: Custodians and Spoilers." Middle East Policy 24, no. 2 (June 2017): 87-101. doi:10.1111/mepo.12270.

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Original title: "Observation | Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Limitations of Iranian Reform"

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Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 1st Title: Interpretation of "Five-year Construction Drawings" of National Intellectual Property Undertakings

Xinhua News Agency reporters Wang Linlin and Zhang Quan

Recently, the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Protection and Utilization of National Intellectual Property Rights" was officially issued, which is a concrete "construction drawing" for the development of intellectual property rights in the first five years of China’s comprehensive new journey of building a strong intellectual property country.

What are the goals and priorities of China’s intellectual property development during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period? How to plan the layout to promote the creation, transformation, application and protection of intellectual property rights? On the 1st, the State Council held a routine briefing on the State Council policy for a special interpretation.

Clarify eight expected quantitative indicators to form an overall pattern of "creation+application+protection"

"The plan defines the" four new "goals of intellectual property protection to a new level, new achievements in application, new level of service and new breakthroughs in international cooperation during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, and puts forward eight expected indicators to ensure that the phased objectives and tasks of building a strong intellectual property country are completed as scheduled." China National Intellectual Property Administration director Shen Changyu said.

The expected quantitative indicators specifically include: the number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 population reaches 12, the number of overseas invention patents authorized reaches 90,000, the registered amount of intellectual property pledge financing reaches 320 billion yuan, the total annual import and export volume of intellectual property royalties reaches 350 billion yuan, the added value of patent-intensive industries accounts for 13% of GDP, the added value of copyright industries accounts for 7.5% of GDP, the social satisfaction of intellectual property protection reaches 82 points, and the rate of judgment and interest litigation in intellectual property civil first-instance cases reaches 85%.

"Compared with the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the main indicator system of intellectual property rights in the 14th Five-Year Plan has extended 2 indicators, improved 3 indicators and added 3 indicators, forming an overall pattern of" creation+application+protection ". The most important feature is that it reflects quality and value orientation. " Ge Shu, Director of China National Intellectual Property Administration Strategic Planning Department, introduced.

From the specific analysis, the index of "the number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 population" focuses on "high value", which is conducive to guiding the transformation of patents from pursuing quantity to improving quality. The number of overseas invention patents granted reflects the distribution of overseas patents in China, replacing the index of PCT patent applications in the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and changing from measuring the number of applications to measuring the number of patents granted, which can better reflect the quality of innovation.

Focus on outstanding issues and emerging challenges, and make overall plans to promote the transformation and application of intellectual property rights.

In recent years, the problem of low patent implementation rate in universities and scientific research institutions is more prominent, and one of the important reasons is the weak willingness to transform and the restriction of institutional mechanisms. "During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the key to improving the effectiveness of intellectual property transfer and transformation is to solve the problems of’ not wanting to transfer’ and’ not being able to transfer’ between innovation subjects and market subjects." Lei Xiaoyun, director of China National Intellectual Property Administration Intellectual Property Promotion Department, said.

To this end, the plan has made a series of important arrangements to further promote the reform of the distribution of state-owned intellectual property rights, improve the intangible assets evaluation system, fully give universities and research institutes the autonomy to dispose of intellectual property rights, promote the establishment of an income distribution mechanism for intellectual property rights transformation with equal rights and obligations, and improve the decision-making mechanism for intellectual property rights transfer and transformation of state-owned enterprises and institutions.

"In the next step, China National Intellectual Property Administration will solve the problem of intellectual property transfer and transformation with greater efforts." Lei Xiaoyun said.

The COVID-19 epidemic has accelerated the development of digital economy, and at the same time, it has put forward higher requirements for intellectual property protection in the digital field. "In order to make the digital economy stable and far-reaching, we must solve the property right problem of data as a new factor of production. Only in this way can data flow reasonably, make full use of it and protect it efficiently, which requires a good system design." Shen Changyu said.

He introduced that China National Intellectual Property Administration will start to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights in emerging fields: First, improve the patent examination rules for new fields and new formats such as the Internet, big data and artificial intelligence, and improve the relevant intellectual property transfer and transformation mechanism; The second is to promote the implementation of data intellectual property protection projects and accelerate the construction of data intellectual property protection rules; The third is to promote the integrated development of online and offline intellectual property protection, and to deal with the problems of various infringements in the information age, such as frequent occurrence, rapid occurrence, rapid disappearance and easy loss of evidence.

Zhang Zhicheng, Director of the Intellectual Property Protection Department of China National Intellectual Property Administration, said that China National Intellectual Property Administration will explore the rules for data intellectual property protection, give consideration to intellectual property protection in both traditional fields and new formats, innovate and optimize the protection rules, improve the working system, deepen the pilot demonstration, focus on preventing overseas risks, actively promote the construction of a large-scale protection work pattern, and effectively stimulate the vitality of innovation.

Promote opening to the outside world in a wider scope, in a wider field and at a deeper level.

"A new breakthrough in international cooperation in intellectual property rights" is one of the main goals proposed in the plan. How will international cooperation and competition in the field of intellectual property be promoted as a whole during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period?

Gan Shaoning, deputy director of China National Intellectual Property Administration, said that he will actively participate in global governance of intellectual property rights, actively participate in improving the international rules system of intellectual property rights, and actively promote multilateral and bilateral negotiations on intellectual property rights related to economy and trade.

Specifically, it includes: strengthening cooperation and consultation with the World Intellectual Property Organization, promoting the improvement of international rules and standards such as intellectual property rights and related international trade and investment, studying and participating in the formulation of international rules and standards for intellectual property rights in new fields and new formats, properly coping with international disputes over intellectual property rights, and rationally setting intellectual property issues in relevant negotiations.

In addition, in order to better safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises overseas, Gan Shaoning introduced that according to the planned deployment, overseas IPR protection assistance will be strengthened, insurance institutions will be encouraged to carry out overseas IPR infringement insurance business, foreign trade IPR protection projects will be implemented, and international law enforcement cooperation channels to combat IPR infringement crimes will be expanded. Establish a customs cross-border cooperation mechanism.

On December 3, the reporter learned from the Department of Ecology and Environment that in October this year, the province’s "12369 Environmental Reporting Networking Management Platform" (hereinafter referred to as "networking platform") received a total of 895 environmental reports, down 13.7% from the previous month and 36% from the same period last year. Of the reports received, 614 have been accepted. It is worth noting that the number of reports reflecting the types of air pollution is the largest, with a total of 454, accounting for 40.4%.

Why did you receive 895 reports and only accept 614? It turned out that there were 281 reports that were not accepted because the clues were unknown or did not fall within the scope of responsibility of the ecological environment department. In addition, according to the requirement that the report should be completed within 60 days, 608 reports accepted by the province in August 2019 should be completed in October 2019, and all of them have been completed.

The reporter combed the data and found that the number of online reports in the province increased by over 30% in October compared with September. In October 2019, among the reports received by the province, 273 were reported by the "12369" environmental reporting hotline, accounting for 44.5%; Wechat reported 253 cases, accounting for 41.2%; 88 cases were reported online, accounting for 14.3%. Among them, telephone reports decreased by 21.1% month-on-month and 12.5% year-on-year; WeChat reported a decrease of 9% from the previous month and a decrease of 33% year-on-year; Online reporting increased by 35.4% month-on-month and decreased by 38.5% year-on-year.

Problems reflecting the types of air pollution account for the highest proportion. In terms of pollution types, there are 454 air pollution problems, accounting for 40.4%; Noise pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, radiation and other pollution problems accounted for 29.7%, 16%, 6.8% and 7.1% respectively.

Among the air pollution complaints, the pollution problem of irritating gas emitted in the production process of pharmaceutical and chemical enterprises is more prominent, accounting for 8.4% and 7% of air pollution complaints respectively; Among the noise pollution complaints, there are many pollution problems that reflect the social life noise of accommodation, catering and entertainment and the construction noise, accounting for 11.7% and 8% of the noise pollution complaints respectively; Among the water pollution complaints, there are many pollution problems that reflect the disorderly discharge of manure from livestock and poultry breeding enterprises and the direct discharge of wastewater from agricultural and sideline food processing enterprises, accounting for 11.4% and 8.9% of the water pollution complaints respectively.

Judging from the reports of pollution problems in various places, Ziyang, Deyang and Chengdu report air pollution problems relatively prominently; Pollution reports in Zigong and Panzhihua mainly reflect the problem of entertainment noise at night; The pollution report in Ya ‘an mainly reflects the problem of industrial noise; The reports of water pollution in Suining, Ya ‘an and Meishan are more prominent, mainly reflecting the problem of industrial wastewater pollution. (Reporter   Yin Peng)

　　In 2019, the stars of Hubei Institute of Technology are shining, and students’ science and technology competitions, subject skill competitions, academic innovation achievement competitions and the fifth "internet plus" college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship competition are frequently reported. At the same time, Hubei Institute of Technology was selected as a national university with typical experience in innovation and entrepreneurship … …

　　Ask the canal to be so clear, because there is flowing water from the source. The source of this flowing water is that Hubei Institute of Technology adheres to the principle of "cultivating people by virtue" and the goal of "cultivating high-quality applied talents", and always continues the context of scientific and technological innovation, carries forward the tradition of opening up and innovating, and encourages teachers and students to bravely climb scientific peaks, apply what they have learned to serve the society, and cultivate people by virtue to pursue Excellence. In the practice of scientific research and education, we have written a new chapter in the era of practicing scientific research and education and comprehensively promoting "three-round education".

　　Combine learning with research and dare to be the first.

　　Cultivating talents makes teachers, and virtue is the foundation. As early as the beginning of the promotion, Hubei Institute of Technology firmly grasped the fundamental task of educating people in Lide, cultivated high-quality applied talents with the value pursuit of "advocating science, pursuing truth, developing ability and serving the society", and established "Mingde’s practical work" as its school motto.

　　In the new era, the school "Do not forget your initiative mind, keep in mind the mission", always adhere to moral education, and put scientific research and education in a more prominent position. Promote the connotative development of schools, realize the "two improvements" in the quality of education and the level of running schools, and form a long-term mechanism of "ideological and political education, innovative education, scientific research education and characteristic education". In promoting the practice of scientific research and education, the school keeps pace with the times, deepens the reform, comprehensively excavates the elements of scientific research and education, comprehensively optimizes the links and procedures of scientific research and education, improves the evaluation mechanism of scientific research and education, strengthens the implementation guarantee of scientific research and education, promotes the transformation and application of scientific research achievements, practices the spirit of open and innovative science and technology, firmly pursues the ideal of serving the society, advocates the scientific spirit of being the first, and creates a new system for improving the quality of scientific research and education.

　　Innovation leads the reform drive

　　In the exploration of scientific research and education, Hubei Institute of Technology advocates that the biggest goal of scientific research should be the effectiveness of scientific research and education, and that the last mile of "scientific research+education" should be opened, and efforts should be made to create a convertible, scalable and effective scientific research and education model with the characteristics of Hubei Institute of Technology.

　　Deepening reform and driving scientific research and educating people. In recent years, the school has improved the evaluation mechanism of scientific research and education, strengthened the common understanding that "the core of scientific research is education", and put the general requirements of internal management system reform of "deepening reform, standardizing rigidity, optimizing structure and strengthening performance" throughout the whole process of teachers’ scientific research. Cultivate college students’ ideals and beliefs of advocating science, the will to climb the peak of science, and the scientific and rigorous academic style. Taking the College of Environmental Science and Engineering as an example, the College of Environmental Science and Engineering has established a "tutorial system training mode" with the cultivation of practical and innovative ability as the core, implementing environmental specialty groups and students’ whole process. Students arrange professional teachers as tutors from the beginning of entering the school, carry out general education on environmental protection, and rely on problem-oriented learning in projects and cases. Let students participate in the research of environmental impact assessment projects, cultivate students’ comprehensive abilities of autonomous learning, scientific thinking, innovation and adaptation to society, and gradually form a "three-in-one" model of combining students’ theory with practice, combining social practice with teachers’ scientific research projects, and combining social practice with serving local economy.

　　Build a platform to expand scientific research and educate people. As one of the 50 national universities with typical experience in innovation and entrepreneurship in 2019 by the Ministry of Education, Hubei Institute of Technology, guided by the scientific and technological innovation of teachers and students, has built "five platforms" for innovation and entrepreneurship, built two maker innovation workshops of machinery and electronics, equipped with laser cutting machines, 3D printers, desktop-level machining kits and other equipment, introduced student science and technology associations such as Electronic Science and Technology Association and Machinery Manufacturing Association, and opened platform resources all-weather and free of charge. We will build an "upgraded version" of innovation and entrepreneurship education from students’ self-creation, teachers’ and students’ co-creation, and production and teaching ‘leading creation, encourage teachers to connect with industry, lead students to design and develop projects, apply innovation and entrepreneurship achievements to practical teaching, and share the achievements with the society, thus realizing the deep integration of scientific research and students’ innovation and entrepreneurship. Relying on the national off-campus practical education base for college students, the national environmental protection training base, the national innovation and entrepreneurship base and the national demonstration academician expert workstation, with the help of all kinds of off-campus scientific and technological competition platforms for college students, such as the national "internet plus" entrepreneurship competition, the national college students’ subject competition, the national college students’ academic innovation achievement competition, and the provincial key laboratories and collaborative innovation centers, we can drive students, lead students, love scientific research, concentrate on scientific research, innovate and start businesses, and realize the integration and docking of scientific research and education.

　　Strengthen the team, promote scientific research and educate people. Talent resource is the first resource. To promote scientific research and education, Hubei Institute of Technology always takes talents as the basis and key, and pays special attention to the construction of teachers and teams. The school strictly controls the qualification and access system of teachers, and at the same time starts to implement the "100-doctor introduction plan" and constantly improves the evaluation and assessment mechanism of teachers. The school actively guides teachers and students to master the frontier trends of science and technology, and cultivates the team spirit and cooperation consciousness of tackling key problems collectively and jointly. In recent years, the school has cultivated and created the "Dawn Plan" of medical college, "Pollution and Prevention of Heavy Metals in Mining Areas" of Environmental College, "Recycling Technology and Transfer of Solid Wastes" of Materials College, "Research and Development of Functional Materials" of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, "Research on Mechanical Characteristics and Engineering Application of Surrounding Rock" of Civil Engineering and Architecture College, "New Air Mixed Choir" and "Clothing of the Military Forces of the Han Dynasty" of Art College, and "Network" of Computer College. School of Electrical and Electronic Information "Intelligent and Open Power Electronic Experiment Comprehensive Device", School of Foreign Languages "Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Translation, Foreign Literature Research", Teachers College "Network and new media ","artificial breeding, flowering regulation and container seedling cultivation of Elsholtzia Haizhou "and other influential project teams in the province and China.

　　Strengthen the system to ensure scientific research and educate people. First of all, the school has established the overall goal of discipline construction and scientific research work, taking discipline construction as the guide and doing a good job in platform construction; Taking application as the starting point, promoting scientific and technological innovation and achievement transformation; Focus on talents and do a good job in team building; Quality-oriented, improve the performance of discipline construction and scientific research; Taking audit as an opportunity to do a good job in standardized management of funds; For the purpose of sustainable development, create a good scientific research atmosphere. Secondly, improve scientific research evaluation standards, improve academic evaluation methods, build an academic integrity system, and advocate teachers and students to practice good academic norms and academic ethics. In addition, increase funding, build a scientific research information management platform, strengthen the management of scientific research achievements, and promote the sharing of scientific and technological information.

　　Gather trees into a forest and let a hundred flowers blossom.

　　The quantity and quality of scientific research have been significantly enhanced. In the past three years, the doctoral service group of Hubei Institute of Technology has been awarded the advanced unit in the province, and the academician workstation has been awarded the "National Model Academician Expert Workstation". Approved 15 provincial scientific research platforms, 9 provincial innovation teams, 30 national natural science foundation projects, 4 national social science foundation projects, 10 humanities and social science projects of the Ministry of Education, 5 projects of other ministries and commissions, and 60 natural and social science foundation projects of Hubei Province; 71 national invention patents were added, and 12 scientific research achievement awards were awarded at or above the provincial level; Teachers and students published 1600 scientific research papers; Dr. Liu Bin and a team of three undergraduates jointly published a high-scoring SCI paper, which was published in the internationally renowned journal Diabetes, with an impact factor of 8.7.

　　The construction of scientific and technological innovation platform has developed rapidly. In the past two years, the school and local governments and enterprises have jointly established "Huangshi Huli Environmental Protection and Energy Saving Industry Research Institute", "Huangshi Intelligent Mould Industry Research Institute", "Huangshi Intelligent Conveying Equipment and Robot Industry Research Institute", "Huangshi Industrial Tourism and Mining and Metallurgy Culture Research Center", "Huangshi Continuing Education and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Center" and "Huangshi Intellectual Property Cultivation and Achievement Transformation Center" and other "three institutes and three centers" for scientific and technological innovation and achievement transformation. More than 850 scientific and technological cooperation and technical service agreements have been signed with more than 400 enterprises (or government departments). The production technology and application of tenofovir dipivoxil and key intermediates jointly declared by the research team formed by Wang Zhiguo, Wang Zhigang and students passed the technical appraisal, reaching the international leading level and winning the "Hubei Science and Technology Progress Award".

　　The innovation and entrepreneurship education created by teachers and students has achieved remarkable results. Hubei Institute of Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Base was recognized as "National Creative Space"; The first batch of "provincial dual-innovation demonstration bases" by Hubei Provincial Government, the first batch of "Hubei University Students’ Entrepreneurship Demonstration Bases" by Provincial Education Department, the first batch of "Hubei University Students’ Entrepreneurship Incubation Demonstration Bases" by Provincial Department of Science and Technology, the "Provincial Creative Space" and the "Provincial Science and Technology Business Incubator". The school became the first rotating chairman unit of Hubei applied university alliance. In 2019, the Ministry of Education launched a nationwide summary and publicity work on innovation and entrepreneurship in colleges and universities, which was declared by schools, reviewed and recommended by the Department of Education, reviewed by experts from the Ministry of Education online, conducted social surveys and conducted on-the-spot investigations by experts. In August this year, Hubei Institute of Technology was selected as a national university with typical experience in innovation and entrepreneurship, and it is also the only provincial university in Hubei Province. At present, the innovation and entrepreneurship education of college students has entered the forefront of universities in China.

　　The quality of training applied talents has been continuously improved. In the past three years, students have won 136 national awards and 447 provincial awards in mathematical modeling, electronic design and mechanical innovation design. Approved 51 national-level college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs and 107 provincial-level ones; Cultivate and incubate more than 290 entrepreneurial companies for college students. Driven by teachers, only the Computer College, students participated in the teachers’ research team, and published 13 academic papers on SCI, EI and core journals, 5 medical college students, 13 materials college students, 10 chemistry and chemical engineering college students and 13 mathematics and physics college students. In the national "internet plus" Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, he won 2 national bronze awards and 10 provincial gold, silver and bronze awards. Students were well received in the third internet plus Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition "Youth Dream Tour in Red". The total number of awards won by students in the fifth "internet plus" University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition reached a record high, and the School of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering’s "Automobile first ‘ Sound ’ " The project team won the gold medal in the start-up group of the main track.

　　If you don’t accumulate steps, you will be thousands of miles away; If you don’t accumulate small streams, you can’t make rivers and seas. In the exploration and practice of scientific research and education in the new era, Hubei Institute of Technology has practiced the spirit of science and technology of openness and innovation, set up the ideal pursuit of serving the society, advocated the scientific attitude of being the first, sowed the seeds of wisdom and creation in students’ hearts, led students to follow their dreams, and embarked on a development road of training high-quality applied talents. (Wu Fengting, Ma Xuejun, Liu Manzhong)

Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture, which originated from the excellent traditional Chinese culture nurtured by the 5,000-year civilization history of the Chinese nation, was cast in the revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture created by the Party leading the people in revolution, construction and reform, and was rooted in the great practice of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

— — On October 18, 2017, the report was published in The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

Strengthening cultural self-confidence is inseparable from the cognition and application of Chinese national history. History is a mirror, from which we can better see the world, understand life and know ourselves; History is also a wise man. By talking with history, we can better understand the past, grasp the present and face the future.

— — On November 30, 2016, he delivered a speech at the opening ceremony of the 10th National Congress of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 9th National Congress of China Writers Association.

Both history and reality have proved that the Chinese nation has strong cultural creativity. At every major historical juncture, culture can feel the changes of the national movement, establish the tide of the times, make the first sound of the times, and drum and shout for hundreds of millions of people and the great motherland. Chinese culture not only adheres to its roots, but also keeps pace with the times, which enables the Chinese nation to maintain firm national self-confidence and strong repair ability, and cultivate common feelings and values, common ideals and spirits.

— — On October 15, 2014, speech at the symposium on literary and artistic work

More than 2,000 years ago, the grand occasion of hundred schools of thought appeared in China. Thinkers such as Laozi, Confucius and Mozi studied astronomy and poor geography, extensively explored the true meaning of the relationship between people, people and society, and people and nature, and put forward a profound ideological system. Many ideas put forward by them, such as filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, honesty and shame, benevolence and love, kindness to others, harmony between man and nature, natural Taoism and self-improvement, still deeply affect Chinese’s life. Chinese has his own unique value system when he looks at the world, society and life.

— — Speech at the European Institute in Bruges on April 1, 2014.

Without the inheritance and development of civilization and the promotion and prosperity of culture, there would be no realization of the Chinese dream. The ancestors of the Chinese nation have long yearned for a world of great harmony in which people’s material life is full and carefree and their moral realm is fully sublimated. Chinese civilization has always incorporated people’s spiritual life into life and social ideals. Therefore, realizing the Chinese dream is the development process of fly with me’s material civilization and spiritual civilization.

— — Speech at UNESCO headquarters on March 27th, 2014.

Don’t forget that you can open up the future, and you can innovate better if you are good at inheritance. We should persist in making the past serve the present, bring forth the new, treat it discriminately, inherit it without discarding the useless, and strive to educate people with all the spiritual wealth created by the Chinese nation.

— — On February 24, 2014, he delivered a speech at the 13th collective study in the 18th the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee.

We should not only understand the history and culture of China, but also open our eyes to the world, understand the history and culture of different nationalities in the world, discard its dross, take its essence, get inspiration from it and use it for us.

— — Speech at the celebration meeting of the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Central Party School and the opening ceremony of the spring semester in 2013 on March 1, 2013.

Vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to produce protective antibodies after it is usually injected or taken orally. It is generally believed that vaccination is the most economical and effective public health intervention measure to prevent and control infectious diseases. Under normal circumstances, the average cycle of a vaccine from research and development to approval for marketing is 10 years. Against the background that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 has affected areas and the population breadth has never happened in a hundred years, about 200 kinds of vaccines have been developed in different countries, and a number of vaccines have been approved by the regulatory authorities to enter clinical trials. Based on the differences in technical and economic capabilities, the research and development of vaccines in COVID-19 is highly concentrated in a few countries. Just like other vaccines, the antigen of COVID-19 vaccine should be well matched with the prevalent virus to have the expected preventive effect. However, the urgency of controlling the epidemic situation in COVID-19 makes it inevitable that the vaccine successfully developed in a few countries will be used internationally. Of course, this is also a good opportunity for enterprises with research and development capabilities and related countries to show their strength and responsibility. However, in the western multinational pharmaceutical companies that have dominated the global vaccine supply for a long time and the governments that control them, why is the transnational application of COVID-19 vaccine after its successful development not a key topic? How can China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine become an international public product?

The first question involves many factors. However, there is no reason to judge a country’s lack of awareness of global health public goods by not voluntarily indicating that its approved COVID-19 vaccine is open to countries or society that cannot develop it by itself. Just like ordinary new drugs, the process of vaccine application includes six links: research and development, registration and approval, production, storage and transportation, and finally vaccination. Internationally, the pharmaceutical industry is the most extensive and strict field of intellectual property protection. Unlike other products, it covers all links from raw materials to production, storage and transportation. How to recover the high development and sales costs? Therefore, the use of vaccines is affected by the economic level, which is exclusive and does not meet the basic definition of public goods. This is one of the sources of accessibility problems faced by countries with insufficient R&D and production capacity in newly developed vaccines (both in terms of output and price).

Closely related to the adaptability and reactivity of the vaccine is its safety. For the producers concerned, because the recipients have no symptoms or symptoms are not obvious, the possible side effects caused by vaccination are traced back to both scientific issues and legal and economic responsibilities.

In the history of world immunization, "Carter incident" is a classic case. In 1955, the polio produced by Cutter Laboratories in California, USA, had an accident. Of the 120,000 children vaccinated with the vaccine, 40,000 were sick, 56 of them suffered from paralytic polio, and finally 113 were paralyzed for life and 5 died. The protracted litigation that accompanied the illness caused huge civil compensation for Carter, a pharmaceutical company established in 1897, was acquired by German Bell Company in 1974. It was not until 1986 that the National Child Vaccine Injury Act was passed by the US Congress that it could provide a solution to the persistent doctor-patient dispute. The incident also led other vaccine companies to reduce or even stop vaccine production.

Different countries have different medical and legal systems, and the dispute over joint and several liability will inevitably become a difficult problem that affects the reputation of pharmaceutical companies and even countries. Therefore, there is a lack of connection between vaccine producing countries and vaccine using countries in terms of medical policies such as examination and approval, supervision and medical dispute resolution, and legislation and law enforcement are within the scope of national sovereignty. These are the realities that vaccine-related enterprises must face in judging safety risks. Historically, vaccine production was an incidental undertaking of commonly used drug manufacturers. With the passage of time, vaccines have become the products specialized by very few enterprises, and the strict degree of national examination and approval has been continuously improved. This is also the reason why the global high-quality vaccines are highly concentrated in a few enterprises and countries in a few countries with high industrialization, and the newly developed vaccines are treated on the principle of self-production and self-use. The transnational trade of vaccines has gradually formed a path dependence between different countries based on the safety, economy and legality of vaccines.

As part of global health governance efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the vaccine pre-certification system in 1987. Its main purpose is to ensure that vaccines purchased by United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNICEF, etc.) as intermediaries and supplied to low-income countries meet the guidance of WHO Expert Committee on Standardization of Biological Products on vaccines and the bidding requirements of United Nations agencies in terms of safety, effectiveness and quality, meet the requirements of national immunization plan and are suitable for current immunization procedures. The secondary purpose is to replace the other regulatory functions of vaccine recipient countries except for marketing license registration and post-marketing supervision, and to serve as a quality reference for countries that directly purchase vaccines, and to ensure adequate vaccine supply bases by seeking candidates and additional suppliers.

This pre-certification partly adapts to the complex reality of public health in international relations. After all, ensuring and promoting residents’ health is first and foremost the responsibility of the state, and any country’s contribution to other countries’ health governance is limited. In addition, especially in the field of epidemics, one of the essentials of cooperation between countries is mutual protection. The accessibility of vaccines and generic drugs should be balanced with the economic sustainability of their development and trade. One way for UNICEF and other institutions to play their role is to promote the use of vaccines in developing countries through collective procurement from manufacturers in developed countries and seek international assistance to reduce unit prices.

COVID-19 vaccine will be a new product in the existing international vaccine market and will join the existing circulation channels. The World Vaccine Market Report 2019 released by WHO divides the world circulation of vaccines into five channels. First, international organizations such as UNICEF jointly purchase from suppliers such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), and then sell them in low-income countries with price reduction and exemption. Second, UNICEF/GAVI jointly sell to middle-income countries. Third, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) purchases vaccines and sells them to member countries through its rolling fund. Fourth, vaccines in some middle-income countries are mainly produced and used by themselves, supplemented by GAVI and others. Fifth, in high-income countries, their vaccines are generally produced for their own use. China, Indian, Indonesian and other middle-income countries are in the fourth category, and they have a working relationship with GAVI and other supply mechanisms.

On the one hand, the supply of the world vaccine market has been tight for a long time, and many countries are highly dependent on specific manufacturers or manufacturers’ alliances as procurement sources. On the other hand, the real monopoly of vaccine supply is rare. According to WHO’s vaccine market description, 68% of vaccines are provided by more than four manufacturers, while 37% of vaccines have three or more pre-certified suppliers.

The improvement of vaccine availability in developing countries is partly due to the Developing Country Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) established in 2000. The alliance is a kind of recognition of technology and management ability. Apart from promoting the international certification of vaccines in developing countries, its members have the opportunity to obtain authorized production of patented vaccines and imitation production of generic vaccines. Under the background of COVID-19 epidemic, DCVMN issued an appeal, expecting its production capacity to have the opportunity to participate in the production of approved vaccines, so as to improve the availability of vaccines in countries unable to conduct independent research.

No matter how the vaccine flows, in addition to the affordability of the price, the advance purchase agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, the vaccine transportation (especially the cold chain) and the matching of vaccination implementation capacity also affect the progress and stability of vaccine supply and marketing.

It is worth noting that even in the poorest countries, the vaccine supply has the participation of manufacturers from developed countries. GAVI covers more than 50% of the poorest countries in the world.

In other words, the global vaccine circulation has the inertia of its market operation mechanism. The international trade of vaccines is also characterized by regionalization on a continental basis. America and Europe mainly rely on local vaccine manufacturers, while Southeast Asia relies almost exclusively on India’s vaccine supply.

For China, it is of positive significance to characterize the self-developed COVID-19 vaccine as an international public health product in the current global health and development governance dynamics. But in the international vaccine market, this is only an active position. The overseas use of China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine must deal with the superposition effect of multiple complex factors that China still faces in the outward flow of medical and health products. Specifically, at least three factors should be considered.

First, the safety and effectiveness of China’s new vaccine must be internationally recognized.It is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for a vaccine developed by a middle-income country like China to get a ticket to the world vaccine market. In 2011 and 2014, China passed the evaluation of WHO’s national vaccine supervision system twice. By July 2019, four vaccine products had passed the WHO’s vaccine pre-certification, entered the international procurement list and sold to more than a dozen countries and regions. At present, there are more than 20 vaccine products in China that are or intend to apply for WHO vaccine product pre-certification. According to the work plan, in 2021, China will welcome a new round of WHO’s evaluation of national vaccine supervision system, and be tested by WHO with its latest global benchmark evaluation tool, so as to build China’s vaccine quality management system with higher requirements.

At the same time, we should also see that there is no linear equivalent relationship between the "safety" of a COVID-19 vaccine at the hard technical level and the "reassurance" of patients and potential patients. In many developed countries and some developing countries, the campaign of refusing vaccines or even radical anti-vaccine has a long history and is spreading. New vaccines and new vaccine producers/suppliers must face the test of overseas medical sociology. This often requires a process.

In response, Chinese entities, especially vaccine research and development institutions, include the effective participation of potential users (institutions, rather than countries or governments in a broad sense) in the process of vaccine development as a necessary part of selling self-developed vaccines for China. This participation includes the implementation of clinical trials on people abroad under the condition of matching technical and social conditions. In addition, the field technical training of vaccine storage, logistics and vaccination is also necessary.

The basic management unit of the international health system is still the country. Through the docking between domestic and foreign vaccine regulatory agencies, it is an essential way to obtain the approval and certification of COVID-19 vaccines approved by the relevant national authorities in the experimental stage and in the future in China. This step cannot be omitted because of WHO’s pre-certification.

Second, handle every step of China’s entry into the international COVID-19 vaccine market in a low-key and pragmatic manner.China must realize that the statement that "the world medicine bottle is in China’s hands" has emerged in recent years, regardless of its truthfulness, it already has a strong political and policy market abroad. At the same time, between countries capable of producing COVID-19 vaccine, drugs and medical devices are high-tech, influenced by exclusive competitive initiative.

The overseas use of China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine should be led by China’s vaccine research and development, storage and transportation and implementation entities. Based on China’s vaccine market practitioners, it is fully qualified to refer to the rules of GAVI and DCVMN, and set up the COVID-19 vaccine overseas use alliance composed of China vaccine entities, so as to improve the competitiveness through collective action.

The third is to choose a multilateral platform in the promotion strategy and avoid using bilateral arrangements.The basic situation of the existing global vaccine market cannot be shaken. Make full use of the existing multilateral platforms in the field of vaccines, such as GAVI,DCVM, CEPI (Coalition for Epidemiological Preparedness Innovations) and other vaccine R&D and production mechanisms, and WHO, UNICEF and other vaccine circulation policy mechanisms. Relevant entities in China have decades of experience in participating in these mechanisms at different levels.

Another reason why a multilateral platform is a must is that it is conducive to sharing experiences and risks among suppliers.

Fourth, in terms of product pricing, China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine should be defined as "not-for-profit" rather than "no profit" or below cost.Not for profit has fulfilled the policy promise of China COVID-19 vaccine as a global public product.

The cost of drug R&D and production in different countries and societies and the permitted profit margins are not automatically comparable. But in terms of cost calculation methods, China and foreign countries should be on the same platform.

Fifth, adhere to the contract as the blueprint for overseas sales.The contract needs to include the following points:

1. The number of vaccines purchased or sold (pre-sold) is the basic point to protect the interests of Chinese enterprises and is also an international practice; In fact, the same country has the freedom to purchase from different national supply sources.

2. Legal arrangement of production authorization, in which the effective protection of intellectual property rights is one of the key points, and the other key point is to cooperate closely with WHO, GAVI, CEPI, DCVM and national regulatory agencies to handle the minimum technical threshold requirements of overseas entities participating in production and sales.

3. Incorporate (potential) buyers’ investment in vaccine production in China into the arrangement options, and handle the contradiction between aid dependence and debt trap.

4. Exemption of side effects of vaccination and dispute resolution mechanism.

In addition, in the process of promotion, political and diplomatic needs should only play an auxiliary role, not a leading role. It should be dominated by vaccine companies, which will also help to enhance China’s voice in the international vaccine field.

To sum up, for China, if you want to see the self-developed vaccine become a public product, you must pay attention to two key points:

First, the road map for the construction of China vaccine circulation with countries that have expressed procurement initiatives; China’s focus should not be on vaccine supply or the amount of aid.

Second, how to deal with the possible side effects and its dispute settlement path should be included in the contract in advance.

In addition, it must be noted that transnational health industry has its own product chain, industrial chain and value chain, and is also restricted by the change of international political and economic relations.

China’s road to developing COVID-19 vaccine as an international public good should be oriented by specific needs, issues and contracts. And these aspects of work need solid work in every link to make progress. It is a meaningful and relatively simple step to identify the self-developed COVID-19 vaccine as a global public health product, and hard work is needed to make it a reality.

(The author Cha Daojiong is a professor at Peking University Institute of International Relations and School of South-South Cooperation and Development of Peking University. This article is a summary of the author’s speech at the seminar on China’s participation in global public health governance organized by China International Development Knowledge Center. The author thanks Professor Cui Fuqiang from Peking University School of Public Health and Ms. Qiao Jianrong from WHO Beijing Office for their contributions to the revision of the article. )

In the 1930s, people from Hebei Provincial Medical College prepared for the celebration exhibition.

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It is the earliest government-run western medicine school in China, and it is the first of its kind in modern western medicine education in China.

It was established when the country resisted the danger of foreign humiliation, but it continued to grow in the war.

It spans two jiazi and three eras. After five relocations and eight name changes, it is still moving forward.

It witnessed the development of higher medical education in China, and it can be called the cradle of medical talents in Yanzhao.

It is another century-old university in our province-Hebei Medical University.

The earliest government-run western medicine school in China

"Even from the official establishment of Beiyang Western Medicine School in 1894, the history of Hebei Medical University has been as long as 122 years, with more than two jiazi, which is very early in Hebei Province and even the whole country." Talking about the long history of the school, Li Binzhi, an 82-year-old professor of Hebei Medical University who has studied the history of the school for many years, has a proud face.

Little known is that the establishment of Hebei Medical University originated from the lack of military medical talents.

In 1875, Li Hongzhang set up the Beiyang Navy. After inspecting the western military system, he thought that "medical officers are the most important in the March of western countries", so at the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, he hired "foreign doctors" to be assigned to various ships. "However, Li Hongzhang soon discovered that it costs a lot of money to hire these’ foreign doctors’. Therefore, he also advocated opening a medical museum in Tianjin to train western medicine talents. " Li Binzhi told reporters.

In the autumn of 1880, Li Hongzhang advocated donations from people from all walks of life in Tianjin, and raised a total of 6,200 pieces of silver, and personally donated 4,200 pieces of silver, and established a hospital for medical treatment and recuperation in Haidao Road, the French Concession in Tianjin, also known as the "Governor’s Hospital".

After the opening of the hospital, there was an endless stream of people who came to seek medical treatment. According to the data, there are more than 200 people seeking medical treatment every day in winter and as many as 400-500 people every day in summer, and the beds are often full.

This also makes it possible for Li Hongzhang’s idea of western medicine education to be realized.

Group photo of teachers and students of Beiyang Western Medicine School.

One day in September, 2003, a large stone tablet was unearthed at a construction site near Tianjin Stomatological Hospital. The inscription was entitled "Inscription on the newly-built nursing home" and the inscription was "Longfei Guangxu Sixth Year Gengchen Autumn September Hub Dan Jing Li". After textual research, the "nursing home" mentioned in this inscription is the one established by Li Hongzhang.

Nowadays, the equal-scale imitation of the stone tablet is placed in a conspicuous position in the school history museum of Hebei Medical University.

In 1881, the Qing government recalled public students studying in the United States for some reason, and Li Hongzhang took the opportunity to recruit eight returned students to Tianjin. In December of the same year, the Medical Museum was established and opened in the Governor’s Hospital. The Medical Museum was funded by Li Hongzhang and hired Ma Genji, a doctor of the London Missionary Society, as an instructor, also known as the "Medical School Affiliated to the Governor’s Hospital".

This medical museum is the predecessor of Hebei Medical University.

"The first batch of students are divided into two types: A and B, with a schooling system of 4 years and 3 years respectively. Ma Genji and British and American naval surgeons stationed in Tianjin jointly take up the teaching work. Courses include chemistry, biology, physics, anatomy, physiology, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics, facial features, dermatology and pharmacology. The teaching content is mainly practical, and the diseases that were popular in society at that time and difficult to treat by Chinese medicine are the teaching focus. Clinical teaching focuses on dermatology, ophthalmology and pediatrics. Compared with the education level in Europe and America at that time, there is not much difference in the form, content and quality of education. " Li Binzhi introduced.

The establishment of the Medical Museum opened the precedent of modern western medicine education in China.

In order to further cultivate medical talents, in 1893, Li Hongzhang set out to establish Beiyang Western Medicine School on the basis of the Medical Museum, and attached Beiyang Hospital to train military medical talents.

On June 26, 1894, Li Hongzhang’s "Fold of Medical School" was approved by Emperor Guangxu, and Beiyang Western Medicine School was formally established in Tianjin. In the same year, the school building was completed, and the school was officially enrolled. Lin Lianhui was appointed as the first general manager (principal) and Beiyang Hospital was used as the practice hospital.

According to Zhang Shaozu, a local education historian in Tianjin, the school at that time was divided into three schools.

"The front yard is slightly smaller, it is a bungalow, and there are administrative departments, such as the dean’s room, the school supervision room, the general affairs room, and the accounting room. There is a large bench in the gatehouse, where a person is on duty from morning till night, much like the present reception room. The Intermediate People’s Court is large, with a teaching building in the east, a classroom on the top and an auditorium on the bottom. Dormitories are on the southwest side. There is a library, a specimen room and a storage room on the north floor, and an X-ray room and a gym on the lower floor. The backyard is large, with a student kitchen, tennis courts and basketball courts. "

"The hospital is an old bungalow with corridors and three hospitals. The front yard is the outpatient department, with internal and external departments, obstetrics and gynecology, facial features, pharmacy and other departments. The Intermediate People’s Court is connected with the school, with several wards (about 50 or 60 beds), operating room, high-pressure disinfection room, optometry room and dispensing and preparation room. There are laboratories, animal rooms, autopsy rooms, football fields, morgues and back doors in the backyard. "

Beiyang Western Medicine School is the first government-run modern western medicine school in China. Beiyang Western Medicine School was established in 1894, which was also recognized as the founding year of Hebei Medical University.

The quality of first-class standard students is "one in a hundred"

The Medical Museum of Governor’s Hospital and the later Beiyang Western Medicine School were not only established early, but also their teaching level and student quality were first-class.

"After the establishment of the Governor’s Hospital Medical Museum, the first batch of students only had eight international students returning from North America, but there were as many as 22 faculty members, and the ratio of students to teachers was close to 1: 3. The teaching staff includes 16 western medicine teachers and 2 Chinese medicine teachers. Among the teachers, there are British doctors and French medical doctors, as well as China-level officials and hospital judges. It can be called a strong faculty. " Li Binzhi introduced.

"Why did the first batch only recruit eight returned international students? Because most of the medical museums at that time were teaching in English, the second batch of students were recruited from secondary schools in Hong Kong to meet the needs of English teaching. " Li Binzhi said.

In order to cultivate comprehensive medical talents, the school offered 13 basic courses such as anatomy, chemistry, pharmacology, pathology, bacteriology and forensic medicine, and 13 clinical courses such as traditional Chinese medicine, otolaryngology, psychiatry, infectious diseases and obstetrics and gynecology, with 180 teaching rooms in the school.

Among these courses, the most worth mentioning is the human anatomy course.

In China at that time, human anatomy was psychologically unacceptable to many people at that time. Therefore, it took great courage and determination to set up this course in Beiyang Western Medicine School, which has become one of the achievements praised by Beiyang Western Medicine School in many medical history works.

Due to the lack of archives, we have no way to know the specific situation of teaching in Beiyang Western Medicine School, but sporadic information in some medical history monographs shows that the human anatomy course taught in Beiyang Western Medicine School was the most systematic and complete in the country. This may be related to the fact that Beiyang Western Medicine School had its own affiliated hospital at the beginning of its establishment.

"It is conceivable that when Beiyang Western Medicine School taught the human anatomy class, it certainly caused a huge sensation, because after all, it is very sensitive to this kind of problem in China’s traditional culture." Li Binzhi believes.

In 1885, the first batch of students in the Medical Museum graduated, and they were all awarded with nine civil servants and received five or six titles. Except for the first Lin Lianhui and the second Xu Qinghua, the other students were assigned to the army or navy as military doctors. The second batch of students are all graduates of Hong Kong Normal School, who entered the school in 1883 and graduated in 1887. The third batch of 12 students are all graduates of Hong Kong Central School, and their study years have been extended due to their low English level, and two of them have even been transferred to Telegraph School.

这种高标准、严要求的办学理念延续至后来创办的北洋西医学堂。

“和总督医院医学馆主要由李鸿章资助不同，北洋西医学堂在当时属于公立学校，学生都是免费入学的。在议定设立西医学堂之初，政府就决心要开办一座全国最好的西医学堂，为海军培养专门的西医人才。因此在北洋西医学堂落成后，李鸿章委派英国爱丁堡医学院毕业的医学士、广东人曲桂庭为监督。起初，该学堂招生只限广东一省范围内，录取入学的学员，有关生活食宿均由校方无偿提供。另外每人月给纹银15两(约合大洋22元)，待遇之高，优于全国。”李彬之告诉记者。

后来，学校招生由只限广东改为面向全国。由于待遇好、名气大，全国的学子争先恐后报考该校。

北洋政府时期，北洋西医学堂共培养毕业生16期218人，基本满足了海军军医的人才需要。

中华民国成立以后，该学校每三年左右就面向全国招生一次，每次最多30名。招生考试相当严格，校长先亲自进行英语面试，考生朗读当时的天津《华北日报》，并口头译成汉语。翌日发榜及格者方准参加笔试。笔试每次考一门，次日发榜，无名者不能参加下一场考试，如此类推。因此投考者虽逾千名，参加笔试者每次递减，最后从余下的200多人中录取30名。笔试有英文作文、中文作文、算术、理化等。录取新生多来自广东、浙江、江苏、福建、直隶、天津等地。

砥砺前行 历经数次迁移和更名

“河北医科大学的前身——总督医院医学馆的建立与中国抵御外敌侵略的近代历史息息相关，它的成长变化也和近代社会变迁紧密相连。历经百年沧桑，医科大学先后经历了5次搬迁、8次更名，见证了我国高等医学教育的发展。”河北医科大学党委宣传部副部长张冶表示。

辛亥革命爆发后，封建帝制被推翻。1912年，国民政府教育部发布第十六号令，北洋西医学堂改称“直隶公立医学专门学校”。1915年，学校由天津迁往保定。1921年（民国十年），直隶省在保定成立河北大学，直隶公立医学专门学校改称“河北大学医科”。

1931年10月，河北大学停办，“河北大学医科”成立了独立医学院。1932年1月，河北省立医学院成立，原河北大学医科主任马桂丹教授为首任院长。九一八事变后的抗日烽火中，学院组织成立了抗日救护队，在淞沪抗战、长城抗战的战场上及后方医院中都有该校抗日救护队的身影。

1937年卢沟桥事变爆发后，建在保定的河北省立医学院地处战争前沿，学校老师和学生积极投入伤病员的救治工作当中，学校所有地方都成了伤病员的救治场所。同年9月，日军侵占河北保定，河北省立医学院被迫停办。

“河北省立医学院停办时，正值国民政府教育部筹建国立贵阳医学院，时任省立医学院院长的齐清心教授和时任河北省立医学院附属医院院长的贾魁教授，受邀参与组建国立贵阳医学院。贾魁教授负责带领学校师生南下贵阳，他们推着独轮车，步行几千里，历尽千辛万苦，长途跋涉来到武汉，终于陆续转移到贵阳。”张冶告诉记者。

1940年2月，河北省立医学院的学生成为国立贵阳医学院的首批毕业生。而在千里之外的晋察冀敌后抗日根据地，也到处活跃着殷希彭、刘濮、段惠轩、张禄增、王魁元等省立医学院师生们救治伤员的身影。

直到今天，河北医科大学校史馆内还保存着国际共产主义战士白求恩临终前赠送给殷希彭的医疗器械箱。殷希彭，这位从河北省立医学院走出来的医疗干部，后来成为了共和国开国少将。

抗战胜利后，省立医学院的师生们积极奔走，筹措复校事宜。1946年9月，复建后的河北省立医学院在保定招收了抗战胜利后的第一批学生。到1947年，学校又搬迁到了天津。

“我1948年入学，当时的学制是六年。学校在天津兰州道，共有4个班，而当时学校统共只有两间教室，没有宿舍，学生们都是走读。两间教室供四届学生轮流使用，哪个班有课哪个班用，但这种艰苦简陋的条件，却丝毫没有影响同学们的求学热情，每个人都很认真。”省传染病学学术带头人、河北医科大学第三医院原院长裴琇教授已87岁高龄，仍对当年的往事记忆犹新。

1949年天津解放，同年4月该校改称河北医学院，归华北人民政府卫生部领导，学校此时只设有医疗系一个专业，学制六年。“天津中华人民共和国成立后，学院搬到了天津总医院对面。校舍多了，老师也多了，学生们也有宿舍了，条件稍好些。”裴琇说。

为改善办学条件，1952年河北医学院迁往保定，并在北关建立河北医学院附属医院，开诊病床250张。“搬到保定北关后，学校就比较稳定了。当时好多老师还是聘请天津医学院、天津总医院的，老师上课要从天津坐火车到保定，上完课再回去。那时候上课都没有教科书，老师只有讲义和板书。我们只有努力学认真记，下课后再到图书馆借书补充知识。”裴琇回忆。

1956年，省政府决定河北医学院由保定迁往石家庄市，并于当年开始在石家庄今中山路、体育大街一带兴建校舍和附属医院，1958年8月16日正式在新校址办公。

其后，河北医学院又几经扩建和合并，直到1995年5月，河北医学院、河北中医学院、石家庄医学高等专科学校合并组建河北医科大学（2013年4月河北中医学院恢复独立建制）。

2016年7月河北省人民政府、国家卫生计生委和教育部共建河北医科大学的意见正式签署，历经百年风雨的河北医科大学正式进入省部委共建高校行列。

如今的河北医科大学

桃李满园 服务河北基层医疗卫生事业

从北洋西医学堂到河北医科大学，从最初的8名学生到现在的桃李满园，一个多世纪来，医大培养出了不计其数的医学人才。

从抗日将军殷希彭，到中国解剖学的奠基人张岩；从细菌学大师杨俊阶，到病理学大师何瑞荣；从国内最早创办影像学大专班的李香华，到中国第二位南丁格尔奖获得者司范堃；从中国碘盐标准的制定者于志恒，到完成全国首例断指再植的凌彤；从河北省第一位女博士生导师凌亦凌，到河北培养的第一位中国工程院院士李春岩……河北医科大学，在医学科研和教学领域不断见证和创造历史。

如今，河北医科大学已经建有两个校区，14个学院，开设23个本专科专业。有4个博士后科研流动站，42个学科具有博士学位授予权，68个学科具有硕士学位授予权。学校面向全国招生，在校生总数逾万人，并有来自30多个国家和地区的留学生近600人。

“在科研和教学领域，我们要不断‘攀高’，勇于向一流医科大学迈进。但与此同时，我们更须‘根深’，永远不忘服务基层。”河北医大党委书记翟海魂认为。

事实上，服务基层医疗卫生事业，是河北医科大学一直坚持的办学原则。

早在1932年，河北省立医学院附属医院院长于绍庆根据当时普通患者经济困难的国情，发表了《医疗应如何平民化》的演讲，为医疗平民化大声疾呼。

1958年，河北医学院迁建到石家庄市后，学校实行了城乡交替、分科轮回的实习制度。从此，这种服务基层医疗的做法成为河北医科大学的办学特色。

如今，这一优良传统得到很好的传承和发扬。

“近30年来，学校通过‘走下去’帮教、‘全天候’指导、‘物质上’援助、‘互动式’交流等多种方式，对口帮扶县医院、乡镇卫生院93所。如今，这些县域内乡村医院依托河北医大的点对点帮扶，基础设施逐步完善，医疗水平日渐提高，已经成为当地百姓信得过的医院。”河北医科大学党委宣传部部长李晓玲介绍。

“乡村医疗的一线主力是扎根基层的乡医。年年送去一支流动的医疗队，不如留下一支‘带不走’的医疗队。”李晓玲表示，为提高基层医生的专业水平，从根本上解决基层群众看病难的问题，近年来，河北医科大学还致力于乡村医生的教育培训，至今已经为基层医院、卫生室共培养专科以上医学人才近十万人。

2016年，学校又在数十年对口帮扶基层医疗单位、培训乡村医生的基础上，成立了乡村医师学院，并举办了三期免费脱产的乡村医生培训班，教材、食宿等费用均由学校承担。

“我参加了三期培训班的开班仪式和结业仪式，并给他们颁发了结业证书。给我印象最深的是一位69岁的老乡村医生，他是参加培训的村医里年纪最大的一位，我至今忘不了他获得结业证书时的喜悦和激动。”翟海魂动情地说。

医学院校成立专门的乡村医师学院培训乡村医生，这在全国尚属首创。

“今后，我们将继续发挥教育、医疗资源优势，进一步做好支农、惠农服务活动，为发展农村医疗卫生事业，提高群众健康水平作出更大贡献。”翟海魂表示。

这座曾以近代中国第一所官办西医学校而自豪的百年高校，正在焕发新的生机。

(本版图片均由河北医科大学党委宣传部提供)（记者 王思达）

　　On July 20th, Guangzhou’s urban and township tax agencies merged, and all district-level new tax bureaus and their township-level tax branches (tax offices) were listed simultaneously, marking the completion of the merger and listing of Guangzhou’s three-level tax agencies. After listing, it will carry out law enforcement and services in the name of the new tax agency, and handle all kinds of tax-related matters directly for taxpayers. On the day when Guangzhou Taxation Bureau completed the reform of tax institutions at all levels in the city, it took many new measures to facilitate the people and enterprises, and really turned the merger of national tax and local tax institutions and the reform of the collection and management system into a tangible and intimate convenience for taxpayers.

　　Say goodbye to "running at both ends" and run out of "acceleration"

　　Before the reform of the tax organization, Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. was in the state of co-management of national tax and local tax, and its value-added tax and enterprise income tax were collected and managed by the national tax department respectively. In addition, there were many series of brand products such as Wang Laoji and Huatuo Zaizao Pills, and various complicated tax matters occurred frequently. It has always been a long-standing problem to run at both ends and ask questions at both ends. The reform of national tax and local taxation institutions is a great boon to a large enterprise like Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group. According to the relevant person in charge of Guangzhou Taxation Bureau, in the future, taxpayers only need to submit one set of the same information, only need to apply for the same tax-related matter once, and all tax-related and fee-related businesses can be completed in the same hall. This made Huang Yuyun, the financial director of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group, bid farewell to the era of "running at both ends" completely. "The convenience brought by the reform of tax institutions, we will try it in the first time." Huang Yuyun said with a smile, GPHL signed a transaction contract with an overseas company on the franchise use of the trademark "Wang Lao Ji". As the domestic agent of the other company, the enterprise needs to withhold and remit the enterprise income tax and value-added tax of this transaction. "In the past, it was necessary for both parties to consult, prepare two sets of materials and go through two processes, but now it only needs one set of materials and one set of processes to get things done in one place."

　　According to statistics, since May, Guangzhou tax authorities have realized the tax-related (fee-related) business in one hall, handling 1,393,400 national tax business, effectively solving the problems of taxpayers going back and forth to tax authorities many times and queuing up at multiple windows to pay taxes, and fully realizing the effects of "reducing links, optimizing processes, reducing time limit and improving efficiency". In June 2018, the average waiting time of the city’s tax service hall was 5.07 minutes, and the average processing time was 3.63 minutes.

　　Yu Haifeng, president of Guangdong University of Finance and Economics and an expert in finance and taxation, said that the reform of tax institutions can effectively reduce the institutional cost of tax collection, improve the efficiency of tax collection and management, and achieve a win-win situation for finance, enterprises and individuals.

　　Leverage Internet thinking to make small invoices no longer a worry.

　　When it comes to taxes, most people will think of invoices at the first time. A small invoice is the most concerned factor in tax activities, and it is often the "top priority" of enterprise accounting. In order to help taxpayers manage small and heavy invoices, "blockchain" has also become the source of inspiration for Guangzhou Taxation Bureau. The bureau launched the "tax chain", the first electronic invoice blockchain platform in China, and successfully solved the problems of traditional electronic invoices, such as security risks, information islands, difficult verification of authenticity, data tampering, repeated reimbursement, and difficult supervision. Mr. Li, deputy general manager of the finance department of Guangzhou Gas Group Co., Ltd., a large billing company, said: "Our company has to issue more than 7 million electronic invoices every month, and it needs to arrange special personnel to track the flow of invoices, which is extremely heavy; Access ‘ Tax chain ’ After the platform, the platform can monitor the invoice destination in real time, automatically remind the payee of the receipt situation, and at the same time realize the automatic backup of invoice data, which will save a lot of manpower and equipment costs. " Ms. Tian, the tax manager of Lee Kum Kee (Guangzhou) Food Co., Ltd., a large ticket recipient, said: "The company obtains electronic invoices from multiple platforms every month, which is very cumbersome to manage, and access ‘ Tax chain ’ After the platform, electronic invoices are automatically collected without obtaining from multiple platforms, which greatly improves work efficiency, and at the same time ‘ Tax chain ’The entry mark of invoices is recorded on the website, which will completely solve the problem of repeated reimbursement of electronic invoices. The convenience and security brought by electronic invoice and blockchain make taxpayers full of confidence in the future tax prospects.

　　After the listing ceremony of the regional bureau on the same day, the relevant person in charge of the Guangzhou Municipal Taxation Bureau said that after the establishment of new tax agencies at the district and county levels, the separation of national tax agencies has completed its historical mission. With the deepening of the reform of the national tax and local tax collection and management system, tax development has ushered in a new starting point. Guangzhou tax authorities will further integrate their efforts, introduce more quality service measures, implement various preferential tax policies, and continuously optimize the tax business environment, so that taxpayers can enjoy the dividends brought by institutional reform.