China Economic Weekly reporter Yin Xin | Beijing Report

　　Editor: qi zhou

　　(This article was published in China Economic Weekly, No.15, 2018)

　　Since 2014, various mobile app stores have launched a series of softwares with WiFi free sharing and auxiliary connection functions, which can help users connect and use some shared networks without knowing the network password; In addition, some web browsers are also equipped with WiFi-assisted connection function. The reporter tried to log in to a strange network with a browser, and the connection was successful after a few seconds.

　　As people pay more and more attention to the protection of personal information, "surfing the Internet" software has aroused the concern of more and more netizens.

　　A few days ago, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that it would investigate mobile applications such as "WiFi Master Key" and "WiFi Key", which have the function of providing users with other people’s WiFi networks for free, and are suspected of invading other people’s WiFi networks and stealing users’ personal information.

　　"At this point in time, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is concerned about these ‘ Rubbing the net ’ The reason behind the software survey is that the relevant departments hope that the development of the industry will be more standardized. In addition, due to the birth of the Cyber Security Law, relevant departments also have laws to follow. " Zhang Cheng, CEO of Maiwaidi, an Internet service provider, told the reporter of China Economic Weekly.

　　Insufficient notification, the network was "voluntarily" shared.

　　Shortly after the announcement of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the named "WiFi Master Key" responded that the company "always respects and protects the privacy of users, and the user information obtained is within the scope permitted by national laws and must be approved by users". "WiFi Master Key" indicates that the company has always emphasized sharing hotspots by WiFi hotspot owners, and increased efforts to investigate and deal with non-hotspot owners’ sharing, and will further optimize the process of canceling hotspot sharing. "The product only provides ‘ Share ’ Function, not ‘ Crack ’ Only networks that are shared in the form of hotspots can be used by users. We use 128-bit asymmetric encryption for passwords and never display passwords in plaintext. "

　　As for the difference between the two technologies, Zhang Cheng clearly told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that the "deciphering" technology is nothing more than a powerful calculation program that makes it try and make mistakes by exhaustive method, and arranges and combines them one by one to finally get the correct answer.

　　Xiang Ligang, an observer in the communication industry, said that it is more difficult to crack than to share. It is a trial and error without knowing the password at all, and there is a certain technical threshold. However, he stressed that it is not certain that all service providers have never tried to decipher. "Service providers only need ‘ Decipher ’ Just part of the network in the city, others can be shared in a hot way. "

　　Xiong Ge, secretary-general of China WiFi Industry Alliance, told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that from the actual situation, many WiFi passwords are the same (for example, 8 eights or 12345678), and even many WiFi users don’t have passwords. "Of course, it is not excluded that some service providers will use cracking technology, but the current mainstream practice is to share it through users." Xiong Ge said, "Some companies are more rational in details, while others are more rational ‘ Savage ’ 。”

　　The difference between rationality and "barbarism" mentioned by Xiongge lies in whether the founder and owner of WiFi have the full right to know and actively share their own network on the premise of being fully informed, or "voluntarily" shared their own network on the premise of insufficient tips and information.

　　Take "360 Free WiFi" software as an example. When a user logs in to a network with a password while knowing the password, "I am willing to share this network" will be checked in the lower left corner by default. Because the prompt position is not obvious, the user will "voluntarily" share his own network without paying attention, and then anyone who uses the same application can "rub" on this network through this application.

　　In addition, the "offline Wifi package" launched by a software called "Tencent WiFi Manager" has also attracted the attention of the market. According to Tencent, the service is to package some public WiFi in the city into offline packages to help users connect to secure public WiFi in scenes where there is no network or the network is poor. This function is based on the principle of "one network corresponds to one password", not "savage collision with the library". "Before users try to connect to WiFi, we have checked and identified the security of this part of public WiFi. The public WiFi in these offline packages is all public WiFi that agrees to share with others." A person in charge of Tencent told the reporter of China Economic Weekly.

　　How to determine who the network owner is?

　　According to common sense, the person who is qualified to share the WiFi password should be the creator and owner of the network, but in the current mobile phone application, there is no function to identify and check the network owner. Xiang Ligang told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that some private networks were "shared" by the above-mentioned software because some visitors used such software to log in after learning the password from the owner, and "voluntarily" shared the owner’s network without adequate information.

　　According to Zhang Cheng, judging whether a logger is the creator and owner of the network involves a series of complicated technologies and high costs. "It is necessary to judge whether he logs in to this network frequently or only occasionally through big data analysis, and also know whether he appears in the background of this router at the same time and actually controls this network." These are the unsolved problems of most service providers in the software industry. "This kind of identification technology is very difficult. What conditions are met to identify the login as ‘ Owner ’ It is a challenge, not a visitor. " Zhang Cheng said.

　　According to industry insiders, "WeChat connected with WiFi" is a way to protect both parties’ right to know. By paying attention to WeChat WeChat official account and other mechanisms, network owners and login users are very clear about the whole process of sharing or being shared.

　　Some insiders also suggested that changes should be made from the bottom of WiFi technology and the password login method should be fundamentally abandoned. "From a technical point of view, the best way is to start from the equipment manufacturer and no longer use the password authentication mode." Xiong Ge believes that compared with "surfing the Internet", the non-password login mode is relatively safe and suitable for public scenes. However, if it is used in home private networks, in order to prevent "surfing the Internet", you can only log in through the verification code, and the experience will be much worse.

　　Before the above-mentioned software has not completed self-correction and self-inspection, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has not completed the investigation of this kind of software, how can private networks avoid being "rubbed"? Xiong Ge told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that there are many service providers and products in the field of WiFi connection at present. In the process of continuous competition and reshuffle, service providers are avoiding being labeled as "surfing the Internet" and increasing the function of protecting network security. "This industry has gone from more than 1,000 in the past to only two or three mainstream companies, and its product functions have also changed from simple ‘ Rubbing the net ’ It has become a network security management. "

　　For example, "Tencent WiFi Manager" has a home network protection setting. Once a user logs in with a real password and sets it as a home network, a stranger cannot unlock the home network through the "smart connection" function.

　　In addition to relying on network security management, can shutting down the external broadcasting of private networks prevent "surfing the Internet"? Xiang Ligang told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that after the radio was turned off, the stranger’s mobile phone really couldn’t search for the network signal, so he had to manually enter the network name and password to enter, which could ensure safety in principle. However, if a visitor has logged on to the network before the host shuts down the network for external broadcasting, his device will still have the network name and password, and he can still log on to the network.

　　Can network passwords be regarded as personal information?

　　In China’s current laws and regulations, the main basis for the protection of personal information security is the Cyber Security Law, which came into effect in June 2017. The Law on the Protection of Personal Information, which the legal profession calls for as soon as possible, is still in the draft stage. Although the Personal Information Security Code, which will come into effect on May 1, 2018, is valued by many people in the industry, it is only a national recommended standard in the industry and has no legal effect. In other words, the legal basis for the law enforcement of "surfing the Internet" software is only the Cyber Security Law.

　　Professor Li Junhui from China University of Political Science and Law told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that there is no special chapter in the Network Security Law on the protection of WiFi passwords, but as a network service, WiFi hotspot connection services such as "WiFi Master Key" also need to comply with the provisions of the Network Security Law on personal information protection and network security. "If password sharing is not voluntary, it is suspected of infringing the sharer’s right to know and the management and control of its assets by the WiFi hotspot setters."

　　Li Junhui introduced that the Cyber Security Law clearly states the protection of personal information: no individual or organization may steal or obtain personal information in other illegal ways, and may not illegally sell or provide personal information to others. "The crux of the problem lies in whether network passwords will be regarded as personal information in China’s judicial practice. Once ‘ Rubbing the net ’ If it is identified as an infringement of personal information, the relevant units should bear civil tort liability, even administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility. "

　　The insiders believe that the survival space of "CengNet" software lies in the demand of many people for "CengNet" itself. The more nonstandard the operation of the software is, especially the protection of the shared person’s right to know is not in place before sharing, and if the network owner is not given the right to stop or refuse to share, more unfamiliar networks can be connected, and users who want to "CengNet" will be more attracted.

　　Li Junhui said in an interview with China Economic Weekly that "bad money drives out good money" because of the failure of the supervision mechanism for a long time. "This requires the supervision means or methods of the supervision department to keep pace with the times and establish an effective supervision system before, during and after the event. Similar to ‘ WiFi master key ’ Products and services have been in the market for many years, and why the regulatory authorities have been slow to act is the key to the problem. "

　　From the formal implementation of the Cyber Security Law on June 1, 2017, to the Alipay annual bill incident after New Year’s Day in 2018, and then to the enterprises including Ant Financial, Baidu and Today Headline, they were interviewed by relevant departments for personal information protection. The Internet industry, which once advocated the concepts of "openness" and "sharing", has recently turned to "security" and "privacy". "The early Internet liked to emphasize openness, but many people in the mobile Internet industry no longer mention ‘ Open ’ Yes. " Xiang Ligang told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that the closer the development of the mobile Internet industry is to maturity, the more emphasis will be placed on security and privacy, rather than blindly opening up.

　　Laws related to personal information protection:

　　Article 111 of the General Principles of Civil Law: Personal information of natural persons is protected by law. Any organization or individual who needs to obtain other people’s personal information shall obtain and ensure the information security according to law, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit other people’s personal information, or illegally buy, sell, provide or disclose other people’s personal information.

　　Article 41 of the Network Security Law: When collecting and using personal information, network operators shall follow the principles of legality, justness and necessity, make public the rules of collection and use, clearly state the purpose, manner and scope of collection and use of information, and obtain the consent of the collected person.

　　CCTV News:On March 9, 2024, the Second Session of the 14th National People’s Congress held a press conference in the press room of Beijing Media Center. Huai Jinpeng, Minister of Education, Wang Xiaoping, Minister of Human Resources and Social Security, Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and Wang Hesheng, Director of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, answered questions from Chinese and foreign journalists on education, employment and social security, housing and medical disease control.

　　Developing new productive forces and strengthening the cultivation of top-notch innovative talents

　　In 2024, "new quality productivity" was written into the government work report for the first time. To accelerate the development of new quality productivity, a large number of top-notch innovative talents are urgently needed. Huai Jinpeng, Minister of Education, introduced how to build an independent talent training system and strengthen the training of top-notch innovative talents.

　　Huai Jinpeng, Minister of Education, said that at present, China’s higher education has entered the stage of universal education, with a scale of more than 60% by the end of 2023, ranking first in the world. The short board of "quantity" is no longer the main aspect of contradiction, and we are in a critical period of accelerating the development from demographic dividend to talent dividend with high quality. Therefore, to build an education power, an important talent center and an innovative highland in the world also requires us to exert our efforts on top-notch innovative talents and the ability of independent training, which is also a key measure to meet the demand for talents for developing new quality productive forces and realizing Chinese modernization.

　　Promoting the development of classification characteristics of colleges and universities in comprehensive reform

　　Huai Jinpeng said that in the comprehensive reform of universities, the classification, characteristic development and evaluation mechanism of universities will be promoted.

　　Huai Jinpeng said, colleges and universities should be encouraged to display their advantages and give full play to their advantages in talent training. For basic disciplines, interdisciplinary disciplines and emerging disciplines, talents urgently needed by the national economy and society should be strengthened in basic research and engineering technology.

　　Allow trial and error, tolerate failure and let young people "dare to break into no man’s land"

　　Huai Jinpeng said that in the next step, the Ministry of Education will strengthen the cultivation of talents in innovation through multi-party cooperation, and constantly improve the ability of innovation in talent cultivation. Increase the support for young scientific and technological talents in colleges and universities, and start long-term, high-intensity and stable support at the initial stage of his academic career, allowing trial and error and tolerance for failure, so that young talents can "dare to sit on the bench and dare to break into no man’s land" and produce important original subversive achievements.

　　In 2023, 12.44 million new jobs were created in cities and towns.

　　China is a developing country with a large population, and employment affects the lives of thousands of families. At the press conference, Wang Xiaoping, Minister of Human Resources and Social Security, introduced the current employment situation.

　　Wang Xiaoping said that in the past year, 12.44 million new jobs were created in cities and towns, the average urban unemployment rate was 5.2%, and the number of people out of poverty was over 33 million, which achieved the expected goal. Judging from the situation in 2024, the job market started well, enterprises started to resume work and production, migrant workers returned to work smoothly and orderly, and the activity of job hunting and recruitment increased. It is worth noting that the demand for professionals such as artificial intelligence and big data is strong, the demand for service industries such as nursing, accommodation and catering, and cultural tourism is rising, the recruitment demand of small and micro enterprises has increased significantly, and the demand for technical skills has risen rapidly. The pressure of total employment has not diminished, structural contradictions have yet to be solved, and some workers are facing some difficult problems in employment. More efforts are needed to stabilize employment.

　　Stabilize the market, prevent risks, promote transformation and solve housing problems

　　At the press conference, Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that in the past year, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, together with relevant departments, issued a series of real estate policies and measures to keep the bottom line of no systemic risks. In 2024, we will continue to make efforts to stabilize the market, prevent risks and promote transformation to promote the solution of housing problems.

　　Ni Hong said that the first stable market has now fully given the city the autonomy to regulate and control, and the city government should shoulder the responsibility to prepare and implement a good housing development plan according to the population, supply and demand and the demand for security, and optimize the real estate policy according to the city’s policy to stabilize the real estate market.

　　The second is to prevent risks, treat them equally, and support the reasonable financing needs of real estate enterprises with different ownership. At present, 312 cities at or above the prefecture level in 31 provinces have established coordination mechanisms, with more than 6,000 white-listed projects reported, 82% of which are projects of private enterprises and mixed-ownership enterprises. By the end of February, loans approved by commercial banks exceeded 200 billion yuan. What needs to be emphasized is that for housing enterprises that are seriously insolvent and lose their ability to operate, they should go bankrupt and reorganize according to the principles of rule of law and marketization; For acts that harm the interests of the masses, resolutely investigate and deal with them according to law and let them pay the due price.

　　Third, we should promote transformation, stay, live safely and get a job, and strive to solve the housing problems of new citizens, young people and migrant workers in a variety of ways, such as a bed, a room and a suite, so that they can let go of their hands and feet and fight for a better life.

　　Wang Hesheng, Director of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, talks about X disease.

　　Recently, the international community has paid great attention to X disease. At the press conference, Wang Hesheng, director of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, responded to this.

　　Wang Hesheng said that the so-called X disease does not represent a specific disease, but an infectious disease caused by an unknown pathogen that may lead to a global pandemic. The main characteristics of X disease are high pathogenicity, rapid infection and easy variation, and there is great uncertainty in its occurrence and development. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the pathogen, time and place of X disease. Although it is difficult to avoid the occurrence of disease X, the pandemic caused by it can be prevented and dealt with. We will work with relevant departments to plan ahead, play a good first move and fight a good initiative to prepare for the uncertainty of infectious disease pandemic.

The Supreme Procuratorate will study and deploy the work of further deepening procuratorial reform   Ying Yong stressed

Reform measures by means of reform thinking.

Accelerate the modernization of procuratorial work and better serve Chinese modernization

On February 19th, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate held a party meeting to convey the spirit of studying the recent important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, listen to the report on the implementation of the Work Plan of Procuratorial Reform for 2023-2027, and study and deploy the work to further deepen procuratorial reform. Ying Yong, Party Secretary and Procurator-General of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, presided over the meeting and stressed that it is necessary to adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, fully implement the Supreme Leader’s rule of law thought, conscientiously implement the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference, the Central Political and Legal Work Conference and the deployment requirements of the National Procurator-General’s Conference, strengthen the goal orientation and problem orientation, further deepen the procuratorial reform, focus on solving problems in the reform, deepen the reform in solving problems, and accelerate the modernization of procuratorial work with reform thinking, reform methods and reform measures.

The meeting pointed out that in accordance with the deployment requirements of the Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress on "Strengthening the Legal Supervision of Procuratorial Organs", the Supreme Procuratorial Party Group studied and formulated the Work Plan for Procuratorial Reform from 2023 to 2027, and made systematic arrangements for further deepening the procuratorial reform. In the past year, combined with theme education and Daxing investigation and research, the key tasks of procuratorial reform have achieved phased results. The system of the Party’s absolute leadership over procuratorial work has become more perfect, the system of procuratorial organs actively serving the overall situation has become more perfect, the modern system of legal supervision has been built in an orderly manner, the comprehensive reform system of judicial system has become more rigorous, the modern procuratorial management system has taken initial shape, and the digital procuratorial system has been steadily advanced, which has continuously demonstrated the effectiveness of deepening reform and leading the innovation and development of procuratorial work.

"Improving and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system, promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity require deepening reform, and comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese modernization also requires deepening reform." The meeting emphasized that reform is a key measure to accelerate the modernization of procuratorial work and better serve Chinese modernization. All prosecutors in procuratorial organs at all levels, especially leading cadres, should enhance their ideological understanding and ability to plan their work with reform thinking, promote the realization of goals with reform methods and promote the development of work with reform measures, focus on the modernization of procuratorial work concepts, systems, mechanisms and capabilities, make overall plans to promote the construction of the "six systems" of procuratorial reform, deepen the comprehensive reform of the judicial system and accelerate the modernization of procuratorial work. It is necessary to focus on strengthening the legal supervision of procuratorial organs, constantly improve the supervision mechanism of criminal, civil and administrative litigation, improve the procuratorial public interest litigation system, improve the procuratorial investigation mechanism, enhance the quality and effectiveness of legal supervision, and promote judicial justice. Tightly grasp the "bull’s nose" of comprehensively and accurately implementing the judicial responsibility system, improve the supervision mechanism for the operation of procuratorial power, improve the allocation of judicial powers and responsibilities, the identification and investigation mechanism of judicial responsibility, optimize the business management mechanism, and improve the openness mechanism of procuratorial affairs to ensure the fair, standardized, efficient and clean operation of procuratorial power according to law.

"Reform cannot be achieved overnight, nor can it be done once and for all." The meeting stressed that in accordance with the requirements of the CPC Central Committee’s deployment, we should do a good job in comprehensively deepening the reform and implementing the inspection-related tasks in the political and legal fields, and combine the actual procuratorial work to clarify the key tasks of annual and phased procuratorial reform, dynamically improve and continue to advance, step by step, and solve one problem after another to ensure that procuratorial reform achieves tangible results. We must always adhere to the goal orientation and problem orientation. The process of solving problems is the process of reform, and the result of solving problems is the result of reform. It is necessary to strengthen investigation, research, communication and coordination. Through investigation and research, we can accurately identify problems, find out the situation and put measures into practice. Through communication and coordination, we can better resolve differences, build consensus, enhance synergy and promote the implementation of various reform tasks.

The meeting pointed out that grassroots innovation is the source of reform. Grassroots units should be encouraged to actively explore and respect their initiative. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate should strengthen the guidance and experience summary and promotion, summarize and refine a number of typical cases of grassroots reform and innovation, and encourage and guide local procuratorial organs to actively, standardize and orderly carry out reform and exploration within the scope of laws and policies.

The meeting emphasized that deepening procuratorial reform cannot be separated from the guidance and support of procuratorial theory. We should not only continue to strengthen the research on procuratorial theory in deepening procuratorial reform, but also lead the deepening procuratorial reform through the innovation of procuratorial theory; We should not only pay attention to the theoretical research and empirical analysis of basic problems and outstanding problems in procuratorial reform, but also pay attention to transforming high-quality procuratorial theoretical research results into concrete reform measures to realize the innovative development of procuratorial theory and practice in complementary ways.

The meeting also studied other matters.

There are five styles of Porsche cars, including large cars, medium and large cars, sports cars, medium and large SUVs and medium-sized SUVs. Specifically, large cars have Panamera models, medium and large cars have Taycan models, sports cars have 718 and 911 models, medium and large SUVs have Cayenne models, and medium-sized SUVs have Macan models. In order to better understand these models, let’s introduce the complete range and price of Porsche models.

Porsche Model Series and Price

1. The guide price of Porsche 718 is 545-986,000 yuan.

2. The guide price of Porsche 911 is 12.65-2.473 million yuan.

3. The guide price of Taycan is 88.80-1.798 million yuan.

4. The guide price of Panamera is 973,000-2,458,000 yuan.

5. The guide price of Macan is 545,000-925,000 yuan.

6. The guide price of Cayenne is 913,000-1,908,000 yuan.

　　[Information] A few days ago, foreign media exposed spy photos of a group of test cars, which may be a brand-new model of Dodge.

　　The camouflage of the test car in spy photos is very serious, and it is difficult to see the clue. According to foreign media reports, this car will be a compact car with a design style similar to that of Dodge.

　　In terms of power, this car will be equipped with the 2.0L with a maximum of 156 horsepower used on the Dodge. In addition, it may be equipped with an engine. At present, the information of this car is very limited, and this new Dodge will be unveiled in 2013 as soon as possible.

　　Editor’s note: Dodge has a good sales volume in the American market, but similar pure American models are hard to resonate with domestic consumers. (Compile/car home Zhang Ning)

　　Reading related articles

　　Or a new generation of Dodge Cool Beat spy photos released in 2012.
　　//www.autohome.com.cn/news/201109/247427.html

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Click to enter:2011 Guangzhou Auto Show

Recently, MIUI began to push independent GPU drivers, which attracted the attention of many friends. As we all know, the hardware drivers of mobile phones can’t be installed and upgraded independently like computers. Now the situation has actually changed, and many friends have lamented that this is simply black technology.

The app store can actually push GPU driver updates?

GPU drivers can be upgraded independently, which is undoubtedly a good thing for the user experience. Through the independent driver update, the mobile phone can get the performance improvement and problem repair brought by the new driver more quickly and conveniently.

Will such a good thing happen on other Android? Is this unique technology or the general trend? Let’s talk about it.

Why can’t Android upgrade the driver separately?

The reason why Android has not been able to upgrade drivers as flexibly as Windows for a long time is closely related to the system architecture. Android is based on Linux, and Linux uses macro kernel, system kernel and driver modules. The architecture of Windows is closer to microkernel, and the separation between modules of the system is high.

The characteristics of macro kernel and micro kernel (micro-kernel-like) will be reflected in the experience of driver update push. Because the macro kernel couples the driver and the system kernel, if you want to upgrade the driver, you often need to upgrade the system; The microkernel-like system like Windows can upgrade the driver independently.

In order to be compatible with more hardware, Microsoft has also designed standard models for drivers, such as WDDM driven by graphics, UAA of audio architecture, etc. As long as the driver is written in line with WDDM, UAA and other architectures, it can be installed and upgraded by itself without changing the system kernel.

In the traditional sense of Android system architecture, it can be seen that the display driver, camera driver and so on are all packaged in the Linux kernel.

Although the macro kernel is not flexible enough in driver upgrade, it makes sense that Linux is designed this way — — Macro kernel has high coupling, which can bring higher IPC communication efficiency between processes and better performance.

Therefore, we can see that Linux is widely used in all kinds of devices with different performances. Linux can make the best use of supercomputing, and Linux can bring a smoother experience to small objects like smart bracelets.

Changes in Android: Is the driver more and more like Windows?

However, the macro kernel has encountered some challenges in the era of mobile Internet/Internet of Things. With the rapid emergence of various intelligent devices, hardware adaptation has become a problem that has to be faced.

Take Android machine as an example. Android machines in the market use different CPU, GPU, baseband, CODEC, etc. Due to the high coupling degree of macro kernel, it is difficult for Android machines to upgrade the operating system and hardware drivers separately. Regardless of whether they want to upgrade the system or the driver, manufacturers need to make a separate system image for each Android model number.

Not every manufacturer will choose to invest a lot of energy in system maintenance, which makes it difficult to upgrade the Android system and drivers, and the final result is the fragmentation of the Android system version.

To this end, Google changed the form of Android, and implemented the Project Treble mechanism in Android 8.0, separating the system (Android OS framework) from the hardware implementation, and then manufacturers can push the new version of Android for devices independently without adapting the driver again.

Project Treble greatly simplifies the upgrade process of Android system, and we can also observe that devices after Android 8.0 upgrade the Android version faster than before.

Project Treble separates Google’s Android system framework from drivers provided by hardware vendors.

But even this would not be enough In Android 10, Google implemented Project Mainline to further subdivide and modularize the system. In Android 10, 14 system components are Mainline, and system components such as media decoder, rights controller and network components can be updated through the APP store just like ordinary apps — — GPU drivers can be updated independently, which benefits from this.

It can be said that Android is becoming more and more "microkernel" through Project Treble and Project Mainline. In Android 11, which has not yet been officially released, there are as many as 20 component modules of Android, and the system maintenance of Android will become more flexible than ever, becoming more and more like a PC.

Is GPU driver upgrade black technology?

It can be seen that the reason why MIUI can update GPU drivers independently through the app store is mainly due to the characteristics of Android Project Treble and Project Mainline. As the hardware served by this update, the contribution of Qualcomm chip is also indispensable.

At the end of last year, Qualcomm announced that its latest SoC Snapdragon 865 could update the driver independently through the APP store, and the update operation was as simple as updating the app.

However, what Qualcomm said at that time was to update through Google Play Store. Because of well-known reasons, Google Play could not be used in China, so MIUI switched to its own channel to update the GPU driver, which is still very good.

Qualcomm announced that GPU drivers can be updated separately.

If there are no accidents, Qualcomm will continue to release new drivers for its chips in the future, but will all Android machines receive updates? This ultimately depends on the mobile phone OEM — — After the driver is released, it needs to be tested by OEM, and then pushed to users.

In any case, the work that OEMs need to do is much less than before, which makes it unreasonable not to provide users with driver upgrades.

At present, it seems that Qualcomm has not made it clear which chips can get independent driver updates besides Snapdragon 865. But in any case, the future of Project Mainline is bright. Since then, we are expected to get the benefits of GPU driver upgrade on more and more mobile phones. The "black technology" brought by Google will become the hope to solve the fragmentation of Android.

summary

With the development of mobile Internet and Internet of Things, in order to adapt the hardware more flexibly, the "micro-kernel" of the system seems to be a trend, which can be confirmed by the change of the system architecture of Android. I hope more hardware manufacturers will follow the new mechanism of Android and push independent drivers for all kinds of hardware in time to bring better experience to users!

　

The characters in the ashes front are called humanoid, and there are many categories, one of which is the destroyer. I believe many people have drawn M18 Hellcat, so what about the Hellcat in the ashes front? Is it worth cultivating? Here is a brief introduction for everyone.

The Hellcat we mentioned here generally refers to the M18 super Hellcat obtained through the body modification of M18.

As a light tank destroyer, it belongs to M18 Super Hellcat Stardust Federation. Life 311, Armor 200, Maneuver 182, Ground Firepower 305, Air Firepower 0, Hit Correction 340, Penetration 206, Luck 76, Reaction 46.

Skills introduction:

Cooperative Hunting: At the beginning of one’s own turn, if there are other stardust Federation fighters on the field, the firepower of both sides will be greatly improved, and the "through" of Hellcat will be improved, which is valid for this turn.

Paper tiger change: after being attacked, it will catch fire with a small probability, greatly increasing the critical hit rate. Lasting two rounds

Pursuit and change: when the attack causes crit, there is a high probability of an additional attack.

Exclusive skill-flank attack. Specialty: 2 times the firepower to the ground, plus the critical hit rate in the middle range, with a range of 1-3. Pursuit in mobile form.

It can be seen that the best thing about M18 Super Hellcat is its exclusive skills. With twice the firepower and pursuit in mobile form, it can do up to four times the damage, which is called a powerful one.

The above is a brief introduction to the Hellcat on the Ashes. M18 Super Hellcat belongs to the strongest gear in the destroyer, and you deserve it alongside Tiger Hunting H.. That’s all for the related content. For more information about the latest developments of the game, please visit the 18183 Ash Front Zone.

[Editor’s Note]

In the previous column, the author introduced some basic laws in the field of urbanism. From this issue, the column "Explaining Cities" will focus on some important variables in cities, and interpret the general characteristics and laws of urban development through these variables.

In this issue, the article will focus on the regional GDP and see the similarities and differences between "big city" and "strong city" through the regional GDP.　

However, the GDP theory has long been abandoned in the assessment of officials.

However, at the end of the year and the beginning of the year, when the macroeconomic forecast for the next year is released, GDP is still an important indicator that cannot be separated.

Then, besides GDP, what other indicators can measure the economic strength of a country or city?　

I. GDP, GNP, GRP, GMP and GCP

Speaking of gross domestic product (GDP), I believe most people are no strangers.

Before World War II, countries generally used gross national product (GNP) to measure the intensity of economic activities of a country and region when studying national economic income and national economic growth.

In 1937, the then American economist simon Kuznets.(The winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Economics, also known as the father of GNP)In a report to the US Congress, it is proposed that a more improved method should be used to measure the final results of production activities of all permanent units in a country (or region) in a certain period of time. In 1953, the National Economic Accounting System (SNA) issued by the United Nations was established and widely adopted by all countries.

It was in 1991 that countries really compared GDP as a representative indicator of national strength and economic scale.

Over the years, the use of GDP to measure the economic scale and output of a country (or region) has been criticized. Some opponents believe that GDP ignores some non-market economic activities, GDP does not consider the consumption of resources and environment, and GDP does not represent residents’ income or wealth.

However, as a representative indicator of economic output and strength of a country or region, its status is still unshakable. The biggest advocate is the American economist Arthur Okun. He put forward the famous okun’s law, which, as an empirical rule, holds that the growth rate of actual GDP is faster than that of potential GDP.[Note: It is the economic growth rate that can be achieved when a country (or region) makes full use of various resources normally]Increase by 2% and the unemployment rate will drop by 1%. His law has been regarded as a standard by policy-making institutions in many countries. Reducing the unemployment rate by increasing the growth rate of real GDP is quite effective for a period of time.

Of course, there is also GDP at the city level, which is used to measure the final results of production activities of all permanent units in the city in a certain period of time. However, China’s official statistical agencies generally do not use the term urban GDP, but usually use "Gross Regional Product" (GRP) or regional GDP. The United States or Europe sometimes use the Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) or the Gross City Product (GCP). Whether it is GRP, GMP or GCP, the meaning expressed is quite clear, that is, to measure the output scale of economic activities on a more microscopic geographical unit than a country (or region).　

Second, look at big cities and strong cities from the regional GDP of China and the United States

In the last issue, the author introduced the differences between Chinese and American county economic and administrative systems. In terms of GDP statistics, China and the United States also have huge differences.

The administrative boundary of China is strictly consistent with the statistical boundary. For example, the statistical department of Shanghai is only responsible for the statistics within the administrative scope of Shanghai, and the calculated GDP is usually strictly within the administrative boundary of Shanghai.

However, the statistics in the United States are not. Administrative boundaries and statistical boundaries are two different things. The accounting of GDP at the city level in the United States is based on the Core-based statistical area. In short, first find a populated area, and then add the surrounding areas to form a statistical area. According to the population density, the United States is divided into 392 metropolises and 547 micropolitan.

However, there are 333 municipal administrative units in China, which are not the same as the names of metropolitan areas in the United States, and it is easy to form a greater illusion of metropolitan areas in the United States.

In fact, regardless of population or area, the municipal administrative units in China are generally larger than the metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, such as 70,000 square kilometers in the largest metropolitan area in the United States and 250,000 square kilometers in the largest city in China. The most populous metropolitan area in the United States has 20 million people, while China has 30 million people.

Despite this, the regional GDP at the city level of the two countries also shows some similar characteristics.

One is imbalance.The city with the highest GDP in China is Shanghai, which reached 4.47 trillion yuan in 2022, equivalent to more than 660 billion US dollars, more than 800 times that of the lowest prefecture-level region. New york-Newark-Jersey City, the largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States, has a GDP of $2,163.2 billion in 2022, more than 600 times that of the lowest metropolitan area in the United States. The development imbalance between cities in the two countries is more than 100 times, and the scale-sequence map at the regional level of the two countries also conveys the same trend.

Second, it generally shows a superlinear relationship with the population.It is obvious from Figure 2 that there is a very consistent superlinear relationship between the regional GDP and the regional population in 2022. Through calculation, the allometric growth coefficients of both countries are 1.10. Especially, the logarithm of regional GDP and the logarithm of population in metropolitan areas of the United States are basically a straight line (the fitted R2 is as high as 0.96, and that of prefecture-level cities in China is as high as 0.81). This superlinear relationship also reveals the corresponding relationship between "big city" and "strong city" In the same economy, "big city" and "strong city" basically correspond. Every time the population size doubles, its GDP is expected to increase by 1.14 times (2 1.1-1 ≈ 1.14).

Table 1 Regional GDP statistics of metropolitan areas in the United States and prefecture-level cities in China in 2022

Figure 1 Relationship between GDP and ranking in the United States and China in 2022.

Figure 2 The superlinear relationship between GDP and population in China and the United States (the above picture shows the metropolitan statistical area in the United States, and the following picture shows the prefecture-level cities in China).

Third, are GPI and EF reliable?

GDP represents the economic output of a city, which, in addition to its own shortcomings, easily leads to the "GDP-only theory" of local governments.

In fact, at home and abroad once wanted to replace GDP with some indicators. Real progress indicator (GPI) is one of the important attempts. This indicator expands the traditional national economic accounting framework, including social, economic and environmental accounts (a little ESG! ）。 GPI calculates the net value of the positive and negative results of economic growth to test whether economic growth benefits all people.

In recent years, the Economic Fitness (EF) launched by the World Bank has also been regarded by many scholars as an important measure of a country’s comprehensive strength, which has been widely concerned and studied. From GDP to GPI to EF, whether these indicators describing the comprehensive strength of the country can be applied to the urban system still needs further study and exploration.

In any case, regional GDP is still one of the most important indicators reflecting the comprehensive strength of cities.

—–

The column "Explain the City" is presided over by Dr. Dai Yuehua from Shanghai Institute of Development Strategy. It pays attention to the frontier trend of urban science development, explains the general characteristics and laws of urban science and human behavior dynamics in cities, and explores the ways and methods to optimize urban governance by using frontier urban science theory.

　　We will hold the opening ceremony of "Invitational Exhibition of Green Mountain Flower Shadow and Mountain Flower Contemporary Chinese Painting" at 15: 30 pm on July 6, 2024 in Guangzhou Lingnan Club, so please pay attention to the guidance!

　　Castle Peak Flower Shadow | Special Exhibition of Writing Heart and Local Soil

　　Square soil

　　FANG TU

　　Born in Huilai County, Guangdong Province in 1963, he graduated from the Chinese Painting Department of Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts with a bachelor’s degree in 1986. At present, he is a director of China Artists Association and a member of Chinese Painting Art Committee, executive director of Chinese Painting Society, executive president of Guangdong Chinese Painting Society, honorary chairman of Guangdong Artists Association and director of Chinese Painting Art Committee, honorary president of Guangzhou Painting Academy, researcher of China National Painting Academy, former curator of Art Museum, and national first-class artist.

　　My landscape sketch, but also rewrite the heart, freehand brushwork, and strive to see nature and feelings. The ancients said that pen and ink are ruthless, and business is done because of people. My understanding is that only writing the heart is the highest realm of landscape painting.

　　Landscape sketch is a process from feeling to experience, and from nature to emotion, and finally exists as a spiritual independent subject.

　　Over the years, I have been indifferent to sketching, thinking that sketching should not be a representation of objects, but a portrayal of the soul. Of course, I don’t object to understanding sketching as a portrait, but I absolutely object to sketching that imitates nature in a rigid way. Just think, what’s the point of sketching? It’s better to take more photos for fun.

　　Pan Tianshou’s creation lies in introducing landscape painting into flower-and-bird painting, while I try to introduce flower-and-bird painting into landscape painting and write it all at once, striving to take sex as the shape, mind as the image, and be frank and honest. Occasionally, there are wonderful products, all because there is nothing outside the heart, and the pen and ink are in me, whether consciously or unconsciously.

　　The so-called great beauty of heaven and earth is actually endowed by people. The mountains and rivers at the bottom of a painter’s pen are his own temperament. Qian Shan is full of water, from things to feelings, from scenery to environment, and the environment turns at will, all because the eyes enter the heart and are made by the heart. At this time, the things in the eyes have broken away from the constraints of nature and become things in the heart. There is nothing but this heart. Pen and ink are also smart, dry, wet, thick, light and burnt … … Follow my heart, follow my heart.

　　— — Square soil

　　Sketch from Libo, Guizhou Province

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　One of the Sketches of Large Seven-hole Bridge Scenic Resort in Libo, Guizhou Province

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　The second sketch of Large Seven-hole Bridge Scenic Resort in Libo, Guizhou Province

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Fangtu Guizhou Fuquan Huangsi Riverside Buyizhai

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Sketch from the foothills of Leigong Mountain, the local soil.

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2018

　　The site of Zunyi meeting in Fangtu is the scene.

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Sketch from Beige, zhenyuan county Town, Qiandongnan Prefecture

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Fangtu Guizhou Qiannan Libo Shuichun River is the scene.

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Sketch from Guizhou with local soil

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　I visited Qianhu Miao village in the local area.

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Sketch from Libo, Guizhou Province (Ⅱ)

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　One of Fang Hijikata Chizuru’s sketches of Hu Miao Village

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　One of the sketches of Miao Village in Fangtu

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　Fang Hijikata Chizuru Hu Miao Village Sketch II

　　38cmx45cm paper coloring in 2017

　　One of the sketches of Mount Tai, a local soil

　　26cm×35cm paper coloring in 2021

　　Sketch from Mount Tai, the second place.

　　26cm×35cm paper coloring in 2021

　　Sketching from Mount Tai, a local soil (Ⅲ)

　　26cm×35cm paper coloring in 2021

　　Sketch from Mount Tai (the fourth)

　　26cm×35cm paper coloring in 2021

　　One of the sketches of Miyun in the square soil

　　33cm×45cm paper coloring in 2022

　　Sketching from Miyun in the Square Soil (Ⅱ)

　　33cm×45cm paper coloring in 2022

　　Sketch from Miyun in the Square Soil (Ⅲ)

　　33cm×45cm paper coloring in 2022

　　Sketching from Miyun in the Square Soil (IV)

　　33cm×45cm paper coloring in 2022

　　One of the sketches of Qinghai in the square soil

　　34cm×45cm paper coloring in 2021

　　Sketch from Qinghai, the second place

　　34cm×45cm paper coloring in 2021

On April 15th, this evening, Chiringxing Road held a pre-sale conference of Star Era ET in Beijing. Xingjiyuan ET is a medium and large super-smart SUV owned by Qiruixingtu.

As a heavyweight model of Xingtu high-end new energy, Xingjiyuan ET pure electric version is equipped with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited Shenxing rechargeable battery, with a peak charging power of 420kW, which can achieve a battery life of 475km after 11.5 minutes of charging. Even in the low temperature environment of-20℃, the SOC changes from 20% to 80% in only 24 minutes. When the SOC is only 20%, the peak output power still reaches 280kW, which effectively relieves the anxiety of replenishing energy in northern winter.

The car has a length, width and height of 4955 x 1975 x 1698mm and a wheelbase of 3000 mm. In terms of design, Star Age ET brings simple and powerful line contours, which complement the closed middle net, LED through daytime running lights and unique ISD wind talk interactive lights, showing luxury temperament. Five color schemes are available: Cangling Green, Yunshu White, Starry Night Black, Rime Blue and Moon Shadow Gray.

In terms of configuration, the car is equipped with a zero-gravity seat, a 23-speaker audio system with a 2140W power amplifier, and a DHS health monitoring system, and it is known as the first movable "Star Bar". The car is equipped with a 15.6-inch central control large screen, and the car integrates many functions such as car home interconnection, baby mode, pet mode and K song mode. The new car provides a dual-motor layout. The maximum power of the front and rear motors is 183kW/230kW, respectively, and the acceleration at zero speed is 5.46s s..

Star Age ET is also equipped with "Star Bar", which is the first and only "Star Bar" of its kind: equipped with double storage compartments, pure natural solid wood and warm atmosphere lights, you can put your backpack at will and easily put down the 20-inch boarding box; You can also move the island through voice or physical buttons to create the front row as an intimate space with "zero barriers"; Family members in the back row can use Nakajima to charge their mobile phones, control air conditioners, take and put items, etc. If you encounter a relatively narrow parking space, the driver can easily and conveniently get off from the co-driver.

In terms of safety, Star Age ET has more than 20 excellent active safety technologies and passive safety based on the global five-star safety standards, and has six full-dimensional safety protection beyond expectations, including battery safety, information safety, functional safety and electromagnetic safety. At the same time, it is also the first SUV model in the industry to pass the "NESTA six-dimensional electrical safety" certification.

Xingjiyuan ET is also equipped with a Yuntai intelligent chassis, which has four core technologies: cloud dynamic architecture, intelligent control chassis, efficient braking and intelligent power, and can easily cope with all kinds of extreme road conditions and challenges. It adopts all-aluminum chassis design, equipped with front high-order double wishbone+rear five-bar suspension which is only available in millions of luxury cars. The front high-order double wishbone is designed with virtual kingpin and HDS hydraulic vibration isolation system, which effectively reduces vibration and brings a more stable handling experience. At the same time, the car is also equipped with IAS intelligent air suspension and CDC electromagnetic vibration reduction system, and the laser radar accurately previews the road ahead, realizing millisecond active continuous adjustment of suspension damping.

In terms of intelligent driving assistance, Star Age ET is equipped with 30 high-performance sensors and NVIDIA Drive Orin chip with a computing power of 508TOPS, which can realize safer NEP full-scene intelligent driving assistance, covering high-speed navigation assistance, urban navigation assistance, intelligent parking and so on.

In addition, Star Age ET also integrates intelligent driving and intelligent cockpit AI model. In intelligent driving, users can talk to virtual voice assistants to complete intelligent driving control and create super intelligence.

The pre-sale price of Star Era ET pure electronic version is as follows:

The extended-range version of Star Era ET also appeared at the same time as the pure electric version of Star Era ET today. The car has a golden extended range system in Xingyuan, including a special engine, a special generator, a battery, an electric drive and an electric control. The extended range equipped with the fourth-generation intelligent combustion system can achieve an industry-leading oil-electricity conversion efficiency of 3.65KWh/L, and the best WLTC feed fuel consumption for SUVs of the same class in the industry, only 5.2L per 100 kilometers. The displacement of the range extender is 1499ml, the maximum power is 115 kW and the maximum speed is 180 km/h.. At the same time, the extended-range version of Star Era ET has the comprehensive endurance performance of CLTC with pure battery life of 200 kilometers and over 1,500 kilometers.

The pre-sale price of Star Era ET Extended Edition is as follows:

At the same time, Star Age ET also enjoys special privileges during the pre-sale period, including the expansion gift of 2,000 yuan for the extended-range version and 5,000 yuan for the car purchase. The pure electric version does not include the Ultra model, and the CDC+air suspension can be upgraded for free, and the extra cash subsidy of 3,000-8,000 yuan can be enjoyed during the pre-sale period, including 3,000 yuan for the extended-range version and 5,000 yuan for the pure electric Pro, Pro Four-wheel Drive, Pro City Smart Drive and Max. In terms of basic rights and interests, it is mainly the lifetime warranty of the first car owner (including Sandian and CDC+suspension).