"It’s affordable to buy down jackets in different seasons, especially the online promotion is more lively, but I don’t know how the quality is … …” Ms. Zhang, a citizen who is planning to "bargain for benefits" recently, told reporters. What is the quality of down jackets on the market? Where to buy down jackets is more "reliable"? Yesterday, the Municipal Consumers Association released a comparative test report on down garments of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Consumers Association. The results showed that nearly 30% of down jackets purchased from online shopping platforms such as Pinduoduo, Aauto Quicker, Xiaohongshu and Tik Tok had problems.

　　It is understood that the samples were purchased from physical stores and online e-commerce platforms, and Far East Zhengda Inspection Group Co., Ltd. was entrusted to conduct comparative tests. Of the 80 down jacket samples purchased in this comparative test, 50 were purchased online and 30 were purchased from physical stores; 50 samples purchased online were purchased from shopping platforms such as Pinduoduo, Aauto Quicker, Tik Tok, Tmall, JD.COM, Vipshop, Xiaohongshu and Suning.cn. The 30 samples purchased in the physical store were purchased from Xidan Shopping Mall, Hanguang Department Store, Huaxiang Ole, Yansha Ole, Wangfu Central, Hualian SKP and other shopping malls.

　　This comparative experiment involves many well-known clothing brands at home and abroad, including Bosideng, Pathfinder, Jiangnan Buyi, CANADAGOOSE, Mengkelai, MOUSSY, Columbia, PUMA, Anta, Yalu, Xuezhongfei, Qianqigang, Antarctic, etc. The purchase price ranges from 138 yuan to 12,050 yuan.

　　After testing, 16 out of 80 samples failed to meet the requirements of relevant standards, and the overall nonconformity rate was 20%. Among them, 3 out of 30 down jackets purchased in physical stores failed to meet the standards (the same below) and 13 out of 50 samples purchased online failed to meet the requirements. Five of the 10 samples purchased from Pinduoduo did not meet the requirements; 2 pieces purchased from Tik Tok did not meet the requirements; 3 pieces were purchased from Aauto Quicker, and 2 pieces did not meet the requirements; I bought 3 pieces from Little Red Book, and 1 piece did not meet the requirements.

　　The items involved in this comparative test that down does not meet the requirements of relevant standards mainly include: down content, down content, down filling amount and fluffy degree. There are 10 pieces of down items that do not conform to the comparison test samples; There are 8 pieces with inconsistent cashmere content and cashmere content; There are 6 pieces with inconsistent cashmere filling quantity; There are 4 pieces whose bulkiness does not match. Of the 8 samples with inconsistent cashmere content and cashmere content, 4 samples have actually measured cashmere content below 50%.

　　In 2019, the stars of Hubei Institute of Technology are shining, and students’ science and technology competitions, subject skill competitions, academic innovation achievement competitions and the fifth "internet plus" college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship competition are frequently reported. At the same time, Hubei Institute of Technology was selected as a national university with typical experience in innovation and entrepreneurship … …

　　Ask the canal to be so clear, because there is flowing water from the source. The source of this flowing water is that Hubei Institute of Technology adheres to the principle of "cultivating people by virtue" and the goal of "cultivating high-quality applied talents", and always continues the context of scientific and technological innovation, carries forward the tradition of opening up and innovating, and encourages teachers and students to bravely climb scientific peaks, apply what they have learned to serve the society, and cultivate people by virtue to pursue Excellence. In the practice of scientific research and education, we have written a new chapter in the era of practicing scientific research and education and comprehensively promoting "three-round education".

　　Combine learning with research and dare to be the first.

　　Cultivating talents makes teachers, and virtue is the foundation. As early as the beginning of the promotion, Hubei Institute of Technology firmly grasped the fundamental task of educating people in Lide, cultivated high-quality applied talents with the value pursuit of "advocating science, pursuing truth, developing ability and serving the society", and established "Mingde’s practical work" as its school motto.

　　In the new era, the school "Do not forget your initiative mind, keep in mind the mission", always adhere to moral education, and put scientific research and education in a more prominent position. Promote the connotative development of schools, realize the "two improvements" in the quality of education and the level of running schools, and form a long-term mechanism of "ideological and political education, innovative education, scientific research education and characteristic education". In promoting the practice of scientific research and education, the school keeps pace with the times, deepens the reform, comprehensively excavates the elements of scientific research and education, comprehensively optimizes the links and procedures of scientific research and education, improves the evaluation mechanism of scientific research and education, strengthens the implementation guarantee of scientific research and education, promotes the transformation and application of scientific research achievements, practices the spirit of open and innovative science and technology, firmly pursues the ideal of serving the society, advocates the scientific spirit of being the first, and creates a new system for improving the quality of scientific research and education.

　　Innovation leads the reform drive

　　In the exploration of scientific research and education, Hubei Institute of Technology advocates that the biggest goal of scientific research should be the effectiveness of scientific research and education, and that the last mile of "scientific research+education" should be opened, and efforts should be made to create a convertible, scalable and effective scientific research and education model with the characteristics of Hubei Institute of Technology.

　　Deepening reform and driving scientific research and educating people. In recent years, the school has improved the evaluation mechanism of scientific research and education, strengthened the common understanding that "the core of scientific research is education", and put the general requirements of internal management system reform of "deepening reform, standardizing rigidity, optimizing structure and strengthening performance" throughout the whole process of teachers’ scientific research. Cultivate college students’ ideals and beliefs of advocating science, the will to climb the peak of science, and the scientific and rigorous academic style. Taking the College of Environmental Science and Engineering as an example, the College of Environmental Science and Engineering has established a "tutorial system training mode" with the cultivation of practical and innovative ability as the core, implementing environmental specialty groups and students’ whole process. Students arrange professional teachers as tutors from the beginning of entering the school, carry out general education on environmental protection, and rely on problem-oriented learning in projects and cases. Let students participate in the research of environmental impact assessment projects, cultivate students’ comprehensive abilities of autonomous learning, scientific thinking, innovation and adaptation to society, and gradually form a "three-in-one" model of combining students’ theory with practice, combining social practice with teachers’ scientific research projects, and combining social practice with serving local economy.

　　Build a platform to expand scientific research and educate people. As one of the 50 national universities with typical experience in innovation and entrepreneurship in 2019 by the Ministry of Education, Hubei Institute of Technology, guided by the scientific and technological innovation of teachers and students, has built "five platforms" for innovation and entrepreneurship, built two maker innovation workshops of machinery and electronics, equipped with laser cutting machines, 3D printers, desktop-level machining kits and other equipment, introduced student science and technology associations such as Electronic Science and Technology Association and Machinery Manufacturing Association, and opened platform resources all-weather and free of charge. We will build an "upgraded version" of innovation and entrepreneurship education from students’ self-creation, teachers’ and students’ co-creation, and production and teaching ‘leading creation, encourage teachers to connect with industry, lead students to design and develop projects, apply innovation and entrepreneurship achievements to practical teaching, and share the achievements with the society, thus realizing the deep integration of scientific research and students’ innovation and entrepreneurship. Relying on the national off-campus practical education base for college students, the national environmental protection training base, the national innovation and entrepreneurship base and the national demonstration academician expert workstation, with the help of all kinds of off-campus scientific and technological competition platforms for college students, such as the national "internet plus" entrepreneurship competition, the national college students’ subject competition, the national college students’ academic innovation achievement competition, and the provincial key laboratories and collaborative innovation centers, we can drive students, lead students, love scientific research, concentrate on scientific research, innovate and start businesses, and realize the integration and docking of scientific research and education.

　　Strengthen the team, promote scientific research and educate people. Talent resource is the first resource. To promote scientific research and education, Hubei Institute of Technology always takes talents as the basis and key, and pays special attention to the construction of teachers and teams. The school strictly controls the qualification and access system of teachers, and at the same time starts to implement the "100-doctor introduction plan" and constantly improves the evaluation and assessment mechanism of teachers. The school actively guides teachers and students to master the frontier trends of science and technology, and cultivates the team spirit and cooperation consciousness of tackling key problems collectively and jointly. In recent years, the school has cultivated and created the "Dawn Plan" of medical college, "Pollution and Prevention of Heavy Metals in Mining Areas" of Environmental College, "Recycling Technology and Transfer of Solid Wastes" of Materials College, "Research and Development of Functional Materials" of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, "Research on Mechanical Characteristics and Engineering Application of Surrounding Rock" of Civil Engineering and Architecture College, "New Air Mixed Choir" and "Clothing of the Military Forces of the Han Dynasty" of Art College, and "Network" of Computer College. School of Electrical and Electronic Information "Intelligent and Open Power Electronic Experiment Comprehensive Device", School of Foreign Languages "Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Translation, Foreign Literature Research", Teachers College "Network and new media ","artificial breeding, flowering regulation and container seedling cultivation of Elsholtzia Haizhou "and other influential project teams in the province and China.

　　Strengthen the system to ensure scientific research and educate people. First of all, the school has established the overall goal of discipline construction and scientific research work, taking discipline construction as the guide and doing a good job in platform construction; Taking application as the starting point, promoting scientific and technological innovation and achievement transformation; Focus on talents and do a good job in team building; Quality-oriented, improve the performance of discipline construction and scientific research; Taking audit as an opportunity to do a good job in standardized management of funds; For the purpose of sustainable development, create a good scientific research atmosphere. Secondly, improve scientific research evaluation standards, improve academic evaluation methods, build an academic integrity system, and advocate teachers and students to practice good academic norms and academic ethics. In addition, increase funding, build a scientific research information management platform, strengthen the management of scientific research achievements, and promote the sharing of scientific and technological information.

　　Gather trees into a forest and let a hundred flowers blossom.

　　The quantity and quality of scientific research have been significantly enhanced. In the past three years, the doctoral service group of Hubei Institute of Technology has been awarded the advanced unit in the province, and the academician workstation has been awarded the "National Model Academician Expert Workstation". Approved 15 provincial scientific research platforms, 9 provincial innovation teams, 30 national natural science foundation projects, 4 national social science foundation projects, 10 humanities and social science projects of the Ministry of Education, 5 projects of other ministries and commissions, and 60 natural and social science foundation projects of Hubei Province; 71 national invention patents were added, and 12 scientific research achievement awards were awarded at or above the provincial level; Teachers and students published 1600 scientific research papers; Dr. Liu Bin and a team of three undergraduates jointly published a high-scoring SCI paper, which was published in the internationally renowned journal Diabetes, with an impact factor of 8.7.

　　The construction of scientific and technological innovation platform has developed rapidly. In the past two years, the school and local governments and enterprises have jointly established "Huangshi Huli Environmental Protection and Energy Saving Industry Research Institute", "Huangshi Intelligent Mould Industry Research Institute", "Huangshi Intelligent Conveying Equipment and Robot Industry Research Institute", "Huangshi Industrial Tourism and Mining and Metallurgy Culture Research Center", "Huangshi Continuing Education and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Center" and "Huangshi Intellectual Property Cultivation and Achievement Transformation Center" and other "three institutes and three centers" for scientific and technological innovation and achievement transformation. More than 850 scientific and technological cooperation and technical service agreements have been signed with more than 400 enterprises (or government departments). The production technology and application of tenofovir dipivoxil and key intermediates jointly declared by the research team formed by Wang Zhiguo, Wang Zhigang and students passed the technical appraisal, reaching the international leading level and winning the "Hubei Science and Technology Progress Award".

　　The innovation and entrepreneurship education created by teachers and students has achieved remarkable results. Hubei Institute of Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Base was recognized as "National Creative Space"; The first batch of "provincial dual-innovation demonstration bases" by Hubei Provincial Government, the first batch of "Hubei University Students’ Entrepreneurship Demonstration Bases" by Provincial Education Department, the first batch of "Hubei University Students’ Entrepreneurship Incubation Demonstration Bases" by Provincial Department of Science and Technology, the "Provincial Creative Space" and the "Provincial Science and Technology Business Incubator". The school became the first rotating chairman unit of Hubei applied university alliance. In 2019, the Ministry of Education launched a nationwide summary and publicity work on innovation and entrepreneurship in colleges and universities, which was declared by schools, reviewed and recommended by the Department of Education, reviewed by experts from the Ministry of Education online, conducted social surveys and conducted on-the-spot investigations by experts. In August this year, Hubei Institute of Technology was selected as a national university with typical experience in innovation and entrepreneurship, and it is also the only provincial university in Hubei Province. At present, the innovation and entrepreneurship education of college students has entered the forefront of universities in China.

　　The quality of training applied talents has been continuously improved. In the past three years, students have won 136 national awards and 447 provincial awards in mathematical modeling, electronic design and mechanical innovation design. Approved 51 national-level college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs and 107 provincial-level ones; Cultivate and incubate more than 290 entrepreneurial companies for college students. Driven by teachers, only the Computer College, students participated in the teachers’ research team, and published 13 academic papers on SCI, EI and core journals, 5 medical college students, 13 materials college students, 10 chemistry and chemical engineering college students and 13 mathematics and physics college students. In the national "internet plus" Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, he won 2 national bronze awards and 10 provincial gold, silver and bronze awards. Students were well received in the third internet plus Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition "Youth Dream Tour in Red". The total number of awards won by students in the fifth "internet plus" University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition reached a record high, and the School of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering’s "Automobile first ‘ Sound ’ " The project team won the gold medal in the start-up group of the main track.

　　If you don’t accumulate steps, you will be thousands of miles away; If you don’t accumulate small streams, you can’t make rivers and seas. In the exploration and practice of scientific research and education in the new era, Hubei Institute of Technology has practiced the spirit of science and technology of openness and innovation, set up the ideal pursuit of serving the society, advocated the scientific attitude of being the first, sowed the seeds of wisdom and creation in students’ hearts, led students to follow their dreams, and embarked on a development road of training high-quality applied talents. (Wu Fengting, Ma Xuejun, Liu Manzhong)

Vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to produce protective antibodies after it is usually injected or taken orally. It is generally believed that vaccination is the most economical and effective public health intervention measure to prevent and control infectious diseases. Under normal circumstances, the average cycle of a vaccine from research and development to approval for marketing is 10 years. Against the background that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 has affected areas and the population breadth has never happened in a hundred years, about 200 kinds of vaccines have been developed in different countries, and a number of vaccines have been approved by the regulatory authorities to enter clinical trials. Based on the differences in technical and economic capabilities, the research and development of vaccines in COVID-19 is highly concentrated in a few countries. Just like other vaccines, the antigen of COVID-19 vaccine should be well matched with the prevalent virus to have the expected preventive effect. However, the urgency of controlling the epidemic situation in COVID-19 makes it inevitable that the vaccine successfully developed in a few countries will be used internationally. Of course, this is also a good opportunity for enterprises with research and development capabilities and related countries to show their strength and responsibility. However, in the western multinational pharmaceutical companies that have dominated the global vaccine supply for a long time and the governments that control them, why is the transnational application of COVID-19 vaccine after its successful development not a key topic? How can China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine become an international public product?

The first question involves many factors. However, there is no reason to judge a country’s lack of awareness of global health public goods by not voluntarily indicating that its approved COVID-19 vaccine is open to countries or society that cannot develop it by itself. Just like ordinary new drugs, the process of vaccine application includes six links: research and development, registration and approval, production, storage and transportation, and finally vaccination. Internationally, the pharmaceutical industry is the most extensive and strict field of intellectual property protection. Unlike other products, it covers all links from raw materials to production, storage and transportation. How to recover the high development and sales costs? Therefore, the use of vaccines is affected by the economic level, which is exclusive and does not meet the basic definition of public goods. This is one of the sources of accessibility problems faced by countries with insufficient R&D and production capacity in newly developed vaccines (both in terms of output and price).

Closely related to the adaptability and reactivity of the vaccine is its safety. For the producers concerned, because the recipients have no symptoms or symptoms are not obvious, the possible side effects caused by vaccination are traced back to both scientific issues and legal and economic responsibilities.

In the history of world immunization, "Carter incident" is a classic case. In 1955, the polio produced by Cutter Laboratories in California, USA, had an accident. Of the 120,000 children vaccinated with the vaccine, 40,000 were sick, 56 of them suffered from paralytic polio, and finally 113 were paralyzed for life and 5 died. The protracted litigation that accompanied the illness caused huge civil compensation for Carter, a pharmaceutical company established in 1897, was acquired by German Bell Company in 1974. It was not until 1986 that the National Child Vaccine Injury Act was passed by the US Congress that it could provide a solution to the persistent doctor-patient dispute. The incident also led other vaccine companies to reduce or even stop vaccine production.

Different countries have different medical and legal systems, and the dispute over joint and several liability will inevitably become a difficult problem that affects the reputation of pharmaceutical companies and even countries. Therefore, there is a lack of connection between vaccine producing countries and vaccine using countries in terms of medical policies such as examination and approval, supervision and medical dispute resolution, and legislation and law enforcement are within the scope of national sovereignty. These are the realities that vaccine-related enterprises must face in judging safety risks. Historically, vaccine production was an incidental undertaking of commonly used drug manufacturers. With the passage of time, vaccines have become the products specialized by very few enterprises, and the strict degree of national examination and approval has been continuously improved. This is also the reason why the global high-quality vaccines are highly concentrated in a few enterprises and countries in a few countries with high industrialization, and the newly developed vaccines are treated on the principle of self-production and self-use. The transnational trade of vaccines has gradually formed a path dependence between different countries based on the safety, economy and legality of vaccines.

As part of global health governance efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the vaccine pre-certification system in 1987. Its main purpose is to ensure that vaccines purchased by United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNICEF, etc.) as intermediaries and supplied to low-income countries meet the guidance of WHO Expert Committee on Standardization of Biological Products on vaccines and the bidding requirements of United Nations agencies in terms of safety, effectiveness and quality, meet the requirements of national immunization plan and are suitable for current immunization procedures. The secondary purpose is to replace the other regulatory functions of vaccine recipient countries except for marketing license registration and post-marketing supervision, and to serve as a quality reference for countries that directly purchase vaccines, and to ensure adequate vaccine supply bases by seeking candidates and additional suppliers.

This pre-certification partly adapts to the complex reality of public health in international relations. After all, ensuring and promoting residents’ health is first and foremost the responsibility of the state, and any country’s contribution to other countries’ health governance is limited. In addition, especially in the field of epidemics, one of the essentials of cooperation between countries is mutual protection. The accessibility of vaccines and generic drugs should be balanced with the economic sustainability of their development and trade. One way for UNICEF and other institutions to play their role is to promote the use of vaccines in developing countries through collective procurement from manufacturers in developed countries and seek international assistance to reduce unit prices.

COVID-19 vaccine will be a new product in the existing international vaccine market and will join the existing circulation channels. The World Vaccine Market Report 2019 released by WHO divides the world circulation of vaccines into five channels. First, international organizations such as UNICEF jointly purchase from suppliers such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), and then sell them in low-income countries with price reduction and exemption. Second, UNICEF/GAVI jointly sell to middle-income countries. Third, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) purchases vaccines and sells them to member countries through its rolling fund. Fourth, vaccines in some middle-income countries are mainly produced and used by themselves, supplemented by GAVI and others. Fifth, in high-income countries, their vaccines are generally produced for their own use. China, Indian, Indonesian and other middle-income countries are in the fourth category, and they have a working relationship with GAVI and other supply mechanisms.

On the one hand, the supply of the world vaccine market has been tight for a long time, and many countries are highly dependent on specific manufacturers or manufacturers’ alliances as procurement sources. On the other hand, the real monopoly of vaccine supply is rare. According to WHO’s vaccine market description, 68% of vaccines are provided by more than four manufacturers, while 37% of vaccines have three or more pre-certified suppliers.

The improvement of vaccine availability in developing countries is partly due to the Developing Country Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) established in 2000. The alliance is a kind of recognition of technology and management ability. Apart from promoting the international certification of vaccines in developing countries, its members have the opportunity to obtain authorized production of patented vaccines and imitation production of generic vaccines. Under the background of COVID-19 epidemic, DCVMN issued an appeal, expecting its production capacity to have the opportunity to participate in the production of approved vaccines, so as to improve the availability of vaccines in countries unable to conduct independent research.

No matter how the vaccine flows, in addition to the affordability of the price, the advance purchase agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, the vaccine transportation (especially the cold chain) and the matching of vaccination implementation capacity also affect the progress and stability of vaccine supply and marketing.

It is worth noting that even in the poorest countries, the vaccine supply has the participation of manufacturers from developed countries. GAVI covers more than 50% of the poorest countries in the world.

In other words, the global vaccine circulation has the inertia of its market operation mechanism. The international trade of vaccines is also characterized by regionalization on a continental basis. America and Europe mainly rely on local vaccine manufacturers, while Southeast Asia relies almost exclusively on India’s vaccine supply.

For China, it is of positive significance to characterize the self-developed COVID-19 vaccine as an international public health product in the current global health and development governance dynamics. But in the international vaccine market, this is only an active position. The overseas use of China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine must deal with the superposition effect of multiple complex factors that China still faces in the outward flow of medical and health products. Specifically, at least three factors should be considered.

First, the safety and effectiveness of China’s new vaccine must be internationally recognized.It is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for a vaccine developed by a middle-income country like China to get a ticket to the world vaccine market. In 2011 and 2014, China passed the evaluation of WHO’s national vaccine supervision system twice. By July 2019, four vaccine products had passed the WHO’s vaccine pre-certification, entered the international procurement list and sold to more than a dozen countries and regions. At present, there are more than 20 vaccine products in China that are or intend to apply for WHO vaccine product pre-certification. According to the work plan, in 2021, China will welcome a new round of WHO’s evaluation of national vaccine supervision system, and be tested by WHO with its latest global benchmark evaluation tool, so as to build China’s vaccine quality management system with higher requirements.

At the same time, we should also see that there is no linear equivalent relationship between the "safety" of a COVID-19 vaccine at the hard technical level and the "reassurance" of patients and potential patients. In many developed countries and some developing countries, the campaign of refusing vaccines or even radical anti-vaccine has a long history and is spreading. New vaccines and new vaccine producers/suppliers must face the test of overseas medical sociology. This often requires a process.

In response, Chinese entities, especially vaccine research and development institutions, include the effective participation of potential users (institutions, rather than countries or governments in a broad sense) in the process of vaccine development as a necessary part of selling self-developed vaccines for China. This participation includes the implementation of clinical trials on people abroad under the condition of matching technical and social conditions. In addition, the field technical training of vaccine storage, logistics and vaccination is also necessary.

The basic management unit of the international health system is still the country. Through the docking between domestic and foreign vaccine regulatory agencies, it is an essential way to obtain the approval and certification of COVID-19 vaccines approved by the relevant national authorities in the experimental stage and in the future in China. This step cannot be omitted because of WHO’s pre-certification.

Second, handle every step of China’s entry into the international COVID-19 vaccine market in a low-key and pragmatic manner.China must realize that the statement that "the world medicine bottle is in China’s hands" has emerged in recent years, regardless of its truthfulness, it already has a strong political and policy market abroad. At the same time, between countries capable of producing COVID-19 vaccine, drugs and medical devices are high-tech, influenced by exclusive competitive initiative.

The overseas use of China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine should be led by China’s vaccine research and development, storage and transportation and implementation entities. Based on China’s vaccine market practitioners, it is fully qualified to refer to the rules of GAVI and DCVMN, and set up the COVID-19 vaccine overseas use alliance composed of China vaccine entities, so as to improve the competitiveness through collective action.

The third is to choose a multilateral platform in the promotion strategy and avoid using bilateral arrangements.The basic situation of the existing global vaccine market cannot be shaken. Make full use of the existing multilateral platforms in the field of vaccines, such as GAVI,DCVM, CEPI (Coalition for Epidemiological Preparedness Innovations) and other vaccine R&D and production mechanisms, and WHO, UNICEF and other vaccine circulation policy mechanisms. Relevant entities in China have decades of experience in participating in these mechanisms at different levels.

Another reason why a multilateral platform is a must is that it is conducive to sharing experiences and risks among suppliers.

Fourth, in terms of product pricing, China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine should be defined as "not-for-profit" rather than "no profit" or below cost.Not for profit has fulfilled the policy promise of China COVID-19 vaccine as a global public product.

The cost of drug R&D and production in different countries and societies and the permitted profit margins are not automatically comparable. But in terms of cost calculation methods, China and foreign countries should be on the same platform.

Fifth, adhere to the contract as the blueprint for overseas sales.The contract needs to include the following points:

1. The number of vaccines purchased or sold (pre-sold) is the basic point to protect the interests of Chinese enterprises and is also an international practice; In fact, the same country has the freedom to purchase from different national supply sources.

2. Legal arrangement of production authorization, in which the effective protection of intellectual property rights is one of the key points, and the other key point is to cooperate closely with WHO, GAVI, CEPI, DCVM and national regulatory agencies to handle the minimum technical threshold requirements of overseas entities participating in production and sales.

3. Incorporate (potential) buyers’ investment in vaccine production in China into the arrangement options, and handle the contradiction between aid dependence and debt trap.

4. Exemption of side effects of vaccination and dispute resolution mechanism.

In addition, in the process of promotion, political and diplomatic needs should only play an auxiliary role, not a leading role. It should be dominated by vaccine companies, which will also help to enhance China’s voice in the international vaccine field.

To sum up, for China, if you want to see the self-developed vaccine become a public product, you must pay attention to two key points:

First, the road map for the construction of China vaccine circulation with countries that have expressed procurement initiatives; China’s focus should not be on vaccine supply or the amount of aid.

Second, how to deal with the possible side effects and its dispute settlement path should be included in the contract in advance.

In addition, it must be noted that transnational health industry has its own product chain, industrial chain and value chain, and is also restricted by the change of international political and economic relations.

China’s road to developing COVID-19 vaccine as an international public good should be oriented by specific needs, issues and contracts. And these aspects of work need solid work in every link to make progress. It is a meaningful and relatively simple step to identify the self-developed COVID-19 vaccine as a global public health product, and hard work is needed to make it a reality.

(The author Cha Daojiong is a professor at Peking University Institute of International Relations and School of South-South Cooperation and Development of Peking University. This article is a summary of the author’s speech at the seminar on China’s participation in global public health governance organized by China International Development Knowledge Center. The author thanks Professor Cui Fuqiang from Peking University School of Public Health and Ms. Qiao Jianrong from WHO Beijing Office for their contributions to the revision of the article. )

In the 1930s, people from Hebei Provincial Medical College prepared for the celebration exhibition.

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It is the earliest government-run western medicine school in China, and it is the first of its kind in modern western medicine education in China.

It was established when the country resisted the danger of foreign humiliation, but it continued to grow in the war.

It spans two jiazi and three eras. After five relocations and eight name changes, it is still moving forward.

It witnessed the development of higher medical education in China, and it can be called the cradle of medical talents in Yanzhao.

It is another century-old university in our province-Hebei Medical University.

The earliest government-run western medicine school in China

"Even from the official establishment of Beiyang Western Medicine School in 1894, the history of Hebei Medical University has been as long as 122 years, with more than two jiazi, which is very early in Hebei Province and even the whole country." Talking about the long history of the school, Li Binzhi, an 82-year-old professor of Hebei Medical University who has studied the history of the school for many years, has a proud face.

Little known is that the establishment of Hebei Medical University originated from the lack of military medical talents.

In 1875, Li Hongzhang set up the Beiyang Navy. After inspecting the western military system, he thought that "medical officers are the most important in the March of western countries", so at the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, he hired "foreign doctors" to be assigned to various ships. "However, Li Hongzhang soon discovered that it costs a lot of money to hire these’ foreign doctors’. Therefore, he also advocated opening a medical museum in Tianjin to train western medicine talents. " Li Binzhi told reporters.

In the autumn of 1880, Li Hongzhang advocated donations from people from all walks of life in Tianjin, and raised a total of 6,200 pieces of silver, and personally donated 4,200 pieces of silver, and established a hospital for medical treatment and recuperation in Haidao Road, the French Concession in Tianjin, also known as the "Governor’s Hospital".

After the opening of the hospital, there was an endless stream of people who came to seek medical treatment. According to the data, there are more than 200 people seeking medical treatment every day in winter and as many as 400-500 people every day in summer, and the beds are often full.

This also makes it possible for Li Hongzhang’s idea of western medicine education to be realized.

Group photo of teachers and students of Beiyang Western Medicine School.

One day in September, 2003, a large stone tablet was unearthed at a construction site near Tianjin Stomatological Hospital. The inscription was entitled "Inscription on the newly-built nursing home" and the inscription was "Longfei Guangxu Sixth Year Gengchen Autumn September Hub Dan Jing Li". After textual research, the "nursing home" mentioned in this inscription is the one established by Li Hongzhang.

Nowadays, the equal-scale imitation of the stone tablet is placed in a conspicuous position in the school history museum of Hebei Medical University.

In 1881, the Qing government recalled public students studying in the United States for some reason, and Li Hongzhang took the opportunity to recruit eight returned students to Tianjin. In December of the same year, the Medical Museum was established and opened in the Governor’s Hospital. The Medical Museum was funded by Li Hongzhang and hired Ma Genji, a doctor of the London Missionary Society, as an instructor, also known as the "Medical School Affiliated to the Governor’s Hospital".

This medical museum is the predecessor of Hebei Medical University.

"The first batch of students are divided into two types: A and B, with a schooling system of 4 years and 3 years respectively. Ma Genji and British and American naval surgeons stationed in Tianjin jointly take up the teaching work. Courses include chemistry, biology, physics, anatomy, physiology, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics, facial features, dermatology and pharmacology. The teaching content is mainly practical, and the diseases that were popular in society at that time and difficult to treat by Chinese medicine are the teaching focus. Clinical teaching focuses on dermatology, ophthalmology and pediatrics. Compared with the education level in Europe and America at that time, there is not much difference in the form, content and quality of education. " Li Binzhi introduced.

The establishment of the Medical Museum opened the precedent of modern western medicine education in China.

In order to further cultivate medical talents, in 1893, Li Hongzhang set out to establish Beiyang Western Medicine School on the basis of the Medical Museum, and attached Beiyang Hospital to train military medical talents.

On June 26, 1894, Li Hongzhang’s "Fold of Medical School" was approved by Emperor Guangxu, and Beiyang Western Medicine School was formally established in Tianjin. In the same year, the school building was completed, and the school was officially enrolled. Lin Lianhui was appointed as the first general manager (principal) and Beiyang Hospital was used as the practice hospital.

According to Zhang Shaozu, a local education historian in Tianjin, the school at that time was divided into three schools.

"The front yard is slightly smaller, it is a bungalow, and there are administrative departments, such as the dean’s room, the school supervision room, the general affairs room, and the accounting room. There is a large bench in the gatehouse, where a person is on duty from morning till night, much like the present reception room. The Intermediate People’s Court is large, with a teaching building in the east, a classroom on the top and an auditorium on the bottom. Dormitories are on the southwest side. There is a library, a specimen room and a storage room on the north floor, and an X-ray room and a gym on the lower floor. The backyard is large, with a student kitchen, tennis courts and basketball courts. "

"The hospital is an old bungalow with corridors and three hospitals. The front yard is the outpatient department, with internal and external departments, obstetrics and gynecology, facial features, pharmacy and other departments. The Intermediate People’s Court is connected with the school, with several wards (about 50 or 60 beds), operating room, high-pressure disinfection room, optometry room and dispensing and preparation room. There are laboratories, animal rooms, autopsy rooms, football fields, morgues and back doors in the backyard. "

Beiyang Western Medicine School is the first government-run modern western medicine school in China. Beiyang Western Medicine School was established in 1894, which was also recognized as the founding year of Hebei Medical University.

The quality of first-class standard students is "one in a hundred"

The Medical Museum of Governor’s Hospital and the later Beiyang Western Medicine School were not only established early, but also their teaching level and student quality were first-class.

"After the establishment of the Governor’s Hospital Medical Museum, the first batch of students only had eight international students returning from North America, but there were as many as 22 faculty members, and the ratio of students to teachers was close to 1: 3. The teaching staff includes 16 western medicine teachers and 2 Chinese medicine teachers. Among the teachers, there are British doctors and French medical doctors, as well as China-level officials and hospital judges. It can be called a strong faculty. " Li Binzhi introduced.

"Why did the first batch only recruit eight returned international students? Because most of the medical museums at that time were teaching in English, the second batch of students were recruited from secondary schools in Hong Kong to meet the needs of English teaching. " Li Binzhi said.

In order to cultivate comprehensive medical talents, the school offered 13 basic courses such as anatomy, chemistry, pharmacology, pathology, bacteriology and forensic medicine, and 13 clinical courses such as traditional Chinese medicine, otolaryngology, psychiatry, infectious diseases and obstetrics and gynecology, with 180 teaching rooms in the school.

Among these courses, the most worth mentioning is the human anatomy course.

In China at that time, human anatomy was psychologically unacceptable to many people at that time. Therefore, it took great courage and determination to set up this course in Beiyang Western Medicine School, which has become one of the achievements praised by Beiyang Western Medicine School in many medical history works.

Due to the lack of archives, we have no way to know the specific situation of teaching in Beiyang Western Medicine School, but sporadic information in some medical history monographs shows that the human anatomy course taught in Beiyang Western Medicine School was the most systematic and complete in the country. This may be related to the fact that Beiyang Western Medicine School had its own affiliated hospital at the beginning of its establishment.

"It is conceivable that when Beiyang Western Medicine School taught the human anatomy class, it certainly caused a huge sensation, because after all, it is very sensitive to this kind of problem in China’s traditional culture." Li Binzhi believes.

In 1885, the first batch of students in the Medical Museum graduated, and they were all awarded with nine civil servants and received five or six titles. Except for the first Lin Lianhui and the second Xu Qinghua, the other students were assigned to the army or navy as military doctors. The second batch of students are all graduates of Hong Kong Normal School, who entered the school in 1883 and graduated in 1887. The third batch of 12 students are all graduates of Hong Kong Central School, and their study years have been extended due to their low English level, and two of them have even been transferred to Telegraph School.

这种高标准、严要求的办学理念延续至后来创办的北洋西医学堂。

“和总督医院医学馆主要由李鸿章资助不同，北洋西医学堂在当时属于公立学校，学生都是免费入学的。在议定设立西医学堂之初，政府就决心要开办一座全国最好的西医学堂，为海军培养专门的西医人才。因此在北洋西医学堂落成后，李鸿章委派英国爱丁堡医学院毕业的医学士、广东人曲桂庭为监督。起初，该学堂招生只限广东一省范围内，录取入学的学员，有关生活食宿均由校方无偿提供。另外每人月给纹银15两(约合大洋22元)，待遇之高，优于全国。”李彬之告诉记者。

后来，学校招生由只限广东改为面向全国。由于待遇好、名气大，全国的学子争先恐后报考该校。

北洋政府时期，北洋西医学堂共培养毕业生16期218人，基本满足了海军军医的人才需要。

中华民国成立以后，该学校每三年左右就面向全国招生一次，每次最多30名。招生考试相当严格，校长先亲自进行英语面试，考生朗读当时的天津《华北日报》，并口头译成汉语。翌日发榜及格者方准参加笔试。笔试每次考一门，次日发榜，无名者不能参加下一场考试，如此类推。因此投考者虽逾千名，参加笔试者每次递减，最后从余下的200多人中录取30名。笔试有英文作文、中文作文、算术、理化等。录取新生多来自广东、浙江、江苏、福建、直隶、天津等地。

砥砺前行 历经数次迁移和更名

“河北医科大学的前身——总督医院医学馆的建立与中国抵御外敌侵略的近代历史息息相关，它的成长变化也和近代社会变迁紧密相连。历经百年沧桑，医科大学先后经历了5次搬迁、8次更名，见证了我国高等医学教育的发展。”河北医科大学党委宣传部副部长张冶表示。

辛亥革命爆发后，封建帝制被推翻。1912年，国民政府教育部发布第十六号令，北洋西医学堂改称“直隶公立医学专门学校”。1915年，学校由天津迁往保定。1921年（民国十年），直隶省在保定成立河北大学，直隶公立医学专门学校改称“河北大学医科”。

1931年10月，河北大学停办，“河北大学医科”成立了独立医学院。1932年1月，河北省立医学院成立，原河北大学医科主任马桂丹教授为首任院长。九一八事变后的抗日烽火中，学院组织成立了抗日救护队，在淞沪抗战、长城抗战的战场上及后方医院中都有该校抗日救护队的身影。

1937年卢沟桥事变爆发后，建在保定的河北省立医学院地处战争前沿，学校老师和学生积极投入伤病员的救治工作当中，学校所有地方都成了伤病员的救治场所。同年9月，日军侵占河北保定，河北省立医学院被迫停办。

“河北省立医学院停办时，正值国民政府教育部筹建国立贵阳医学院，时任省立医学院院长的齐清心教授和时任河北省立医学院附属医院院长的贾魁教授，受邀参与组建国立贵阳医学院。贾魁教授负责带领学校师生南下贵阳，他们推着独轮车，步行几千里，历尽千辛万苦，长途跋涉来到武汉，终于陆续转移到贵阳。”张冶告诉记者。

1940年2月，河北省立医学院的学生成为国立贵阳医学院的首批毕业生。而在千里之外的晋察冀敌后抗日根据地，也到处活跃着殷希彭、刘濮、段惠轩、张禄增、王魁元等省立医学院师生们救治伤员的身影。

直到今天，河北医科大学校史馆内还保存着国际共产主义战士白求恩临终前赠送给殷希彭的医疗器械箱。殷希彭，这位从河北省立医学院走出来的医疗干部，后来成为了共和国开国少将。

抗战胜利后，省立医学院的师生们积极奔走，筹措复校事宜。1946年9月，复建后的河北省立医学院在保定招收了抗战胜利后的第一批学生。到1947年，学校又搬迁到了天津。

“我1948年入学，当时的学制是六年。学校在天津兰州道，共有4个班，而当时学校统共只有两间教室，没有宿舍，学生们都是走读。两间教室供四届学生轮流使用，哪个班有课哪个班用，但这种艰苦简陋的条件，却丝毫没有影响同学们的求学热情，每个人都很认真。”省传染病学学术带头人、河北医科大学第三医院原院长裴琇教授已87岁高龄，仍对当年的往事记忆犹新。

1949年天津解放，同年4月该校改称河北医学院，归华北人民政府卫生部领导，学校此时只设有医疗系一个专业，学制六年。“天津中华人民共和国成立后，学院搬到了天津总医院对面。校舍多了，老师也多了，学生们也有宿舍了，条件稍好些。”裴琇说。

为改善办学条件，1952年河北医学院迁往保定，并在北关建立河北医学院附属医院，开诊病床250张。“搬到保定北关后，学校就比较稳定了。当时好多老师还是聘请天津医学院、天津总医院的，老师上课要从天津坐火车到保定，上完课再回去。那时候上课都没有教科书，老师只有讲义和板书。我们只有努力学认真记，下课后再到图书馆借书补充知识。”裴琇回忆。

1956年，省政府决定河北医学院由保定迁往石家庄市，并于当年开始在石家庄今中山路、体育大街一带兴建校舍和附属医院，1958年8月16日正式在新校址办公。

其后，河北医学院又几经扩建和合并，直到1995年5月，河北医学院、河北中医学院、石家庄医学高等专科学校合并组建河北医科大学（2013年4月河北中医学院恢复独立建制）。

2016年7月河北省人民政府、国家卫生计生委和教育部共建河北医科大学的意见正式签署，历经百年风雨的河北医科大学正式进入省部委共建高校行列。

如今的河北医科大学

桃李满园 服务河北基层医疗卫生事业

从北洋西医学堂到河北医科大学，从最初的8名学生到现在的桃李满园，一个多世纪来，医大培养出了不计其数的医学人才。

从抗日将军殷希彭，到中国解剖学的奠基人张岩；从细菌学大师杨俊阶，到病理学大师何瑞荣；从国内最早创办影像学大专班的李香华，到中国第二位南丁格尔奖获得者司范堃；从中国碘盐标准的制定者于志恒，到完成全国首例断指再植的凌彤；从河北省第一位女博士生导师凌亦凌，到河北培养的第一位中国工程院院士李春岩……河北医科大学，在医学科研和教学领域不断见证和创造历史。

如今，河北医科大学已经建有两个校区，14个学院，开设23个本专科专业。有4个博士后科研流动站，42个学科具有博士学位授予权，68个学科具有硕士学位授予权。学校面向全国招生，在校生总数逾万人，并有来自30多个国家和地区的留学生近600人。

“在科研和教学领域，我们要不断‘攀高’，勇于向一流医科大学迈进。但与此同时，我们更须‘根深’，永远不忘服务基层。”河北医大党委书记翟海魂认为。

事实上，服务基层医疗卫生事业，是河北医科大学一直坚持的办学原则。

早在1932年，河北省立医学院附属医院院长于绍庆根据当时普通患者经济困难的国情，发表了《医疗应如何平民化》的演讲，为医疗平民化大声疾呼。

1958年，河北医学院迁建到石家庄市后，学校实行了城乡交替、分科轮回的实习制度。从此，这种服务基层医疗的做法成为河北医科大学的办学特色。

如今，这一优良传统得到很好的传承和发扬。

“近30年来，学校通过‘走下去’帮教、‘全天候’指导、‘物质上’援助、‘互动式’交流等多种方式，对口帮扶县医院、乡镇卫生院93所。如今，这些县域内乡村医院依托河北医大的点对点帮扶，基础设施逐步完善，医疗水平日渐提高，已经成为当地百姓信得过的医院。”河北医科大学党委宣传部部长李晓玲介绍。

“乡村医疗的一线主力是扎根基层的乡医。年年送去一支流动的医疗队，不如留下一支‘带不走’的医疗队。”李晓玲表示，为提高基层医生的专业水平，从根本上解决基层群众看病难的问题，近年来，河北医科大学还致力于乡村医生的教育培训，至今已经为基层医院、卫生室共培养专科以上医学人才近十万人。

2016年，学校又在数十年对口帮扶基层医疗单位、培训乡村医生的基础上，成立了乡村医师学院，并举办了三期免费脱产的乡村医生培训班，教材、食宿等费用均由学校承担。

“我参加了三期培训班的开班仪式和结业仪式，并给他们颁发了结业证书。给我印象最深的是一位69岁的老乡村医生，他是参加培训的村医里年纪最大的一位，我至今忘不了他获得结业证书时的喜悦和激动。”翟海魂动情地说。

医学院校成立专门的乡村医师学院培训乡村医生，这在全国尚属首创。

“今后，我们将继续发挥教育、医疗资源优势，进一步做好支农、惠农服务活动，为发展农村医疗卫生事业，提高群众健康水平作出更大贡献。”翟海魂表示。

这座曾以近代中国第一所官办西医学校而自豪的百年高校，正在焕发新的生机。

(本版图片均由河北医科大学党委宣传部提供)（记者 王思达）

　　The three A-share indexes collectively closed up today. At the close, the Shanghai Composite Index rose by 0.91%, the Shenzhen Component Index rose by 2.21%, the Beizheng 50 rose by 2.4%, the Growth Enterprise Market Index rose by 3.26%, and the turnover of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets was 1,064.2 billion yuan. More than 4,600 stocks in the two cities rose. Northbound funds bought a net of 5.273 billion yuan throughout the day.

　　On the theme of the sector, media, games, securities, computing power leasing and other sectors were among the top gainers; Oil and gas, coal, pork and other plates are floating green.

　　On the disk, the media and game stocks have a daily limit, () the daily limit is 20CM, (), () and () have risen by more than 10%, and more than ten stocks such as (), (), () and () have daily limit; The securities sector was among the top gainers, with Pacific, Founder Securities, () and () trading daily. In the news, the CSRC said that it supported the head securities companies to become better and stronger through mergers and acquisitions, and to build a first-class investment bank. Huawei’s auto concept stocks strengthened again, () the daily limit in late trading, with turnover exceeding 10 billion yuan. (), () daily limit, (), () and other stocks rose more than 5%.

　　Plate analysis:

　　Straight flush hot stock list:

　　Transaction review:

　　At 09:25 A shares opened, the Shanghai Composite Index opened 0.54% higher, the Shenzhen Component Index opened 0.70% higher, and the Growth Enterprise Market Index opened 0.82% higher. The securities sector was among the top gainers.

　　At 09:26, the securities sector was active at the beginning of the session. Jinlong shares rose over 8%, and Founder Securities, Guolian Securities, () and () followed suit. In the news, the CSRC said that it supports head securities companies to become better and stronger through mergers and acquisitions, and to build first-class investment banks.

　　At 09:27, the concept of innovative drugs was active at the beginning, and () rose by more than 6%, followed by (), (), (), Medici and ().

　　At 09:28, the word () stopped. In the news, the company announced that the company and its controlling shareholder had received the notice of filing a case from the Securities and Futures Commission due to alleged illegal information disclosure.

　　At 09:30, the reducer and robot plate continued to strengthen, and () two connecting plates, (), (), (), () and so on surged.

　　09:32 The Shenzhen Component Index rose to 1%, the Shanghai Composite Index rose by 0.64%, the Growth Enterprise Market Index rose by 1.29%, and more than 4,500 stocks in the two cities rose.

　　09:33 The Hang Seng Science and Technology Index rose by over 3%, the Hang Seng Index rose by 1.5%, auto stocks led the market, LI rose by over 8%, and Weilai rose by over 6%.

　　At 09:34, the media and game sectors strengthened in early trading, with Tianwei Video 3 connected, Chinese Online, Palm Reading Technology and () rising by more than 6%, and Guomai Culture and Shengtian Network surged in succession.

　　At 09:37, the securities sector led the gains in early trading, with Founder Securities and Jinlong shares both trading daily, Guolian Securities, Pacific Ocean and china galaxy rising more than 7%, and CITIC Jiantou and () rising more than 6%.

　　At 09:39, the photovoltaic sector rebounded, () rose more than 13%, (), (), Jingke Energy, () and so on rose more than 5%.

　　At 09:50, the concept of diet pills was active again and again, and Hanyu Pharmaceutical rose by over 12%. In the news, the company announced that it had recently received a purchase order from its partner, and it purchased a total of 103 million yuan of liraglutide injection from the company. Medici rose more than 8%, and Boteng shares, () and () followed suit.

　　09:52 South Korea’s KOSDAQ index rose 5%.

　　At 09:54, the concept of computing power leasing fluctuated and rose, with () daily limit. Before that, Tianwei Video had a daily limit, and (), (), () and () were among the top gainers.

　　10:00 According to () iFinD data, half an hour after the opening, the turnover of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets reached 337.6 billion yuan.

　　At 10:02, the media and game stocks continued to strengthen. Chinese Online and Shengtian Network rose more than 12%, and Shanghai Film, Palm Reading Technology, () and () and other stocks went up daily.

　　At 10:02, the Growth Enterprise Market index rose to 2%, () rose by nearly 3%, and () rose by nearly 4%. The Shanghai Composite Index rose by 0.38%, and the Shenzhen Component Index rose by 1.2%. Photovoltaic, securities and medicine were among the top gainers, with nearly 3,800 stocks rising in the two cities.

　　At 10:05, more than one domestic debt of Vanke rose slightly in early trading, and "200,004", "200,006" and "210,002" all rose slightly; In addition, the rise of Vanke’s US dollar bonds accelerated, and the US dollar bonds due in 2025 climbed 7.6 cents to 72.3 cents, which will be the biggest increase in a year; 3.975% bonds due in 2027 rose 6.2 cents to 54.1 cents, which is expected to be the biggest increase since December 5.

　　At 10:09, the real estate development sector moved up () daily limit, and Vanke A, (), () and () followed suit.

　　At 10:15, the concept stocks of "Dragon Generation" continued to be active, () 9 consecutive boards, and nearly 10 shares including Jinlong, (), (), Yu Long and () were daily limit.

　　10:18 South Korea’s KOSPI index rose 4% after the South Korean government announced that it would ban short selling of stocks until the end of June next year.

　　At 10:42, the Hang Seng Science and Technology Index rose over 4%, the Hang Seng Index is now up 2.03%, Reading Group and LI rose over 11%, and Weilai rose over 8%.

　　At 10:53, the concept of auto parts fluctuated and strengthened, and Tenglong shares, (), (), (), () and other stocks had daily limit.

　　At 11:05, the whole vehicle plate moved up, () went up, and Seles, (), () and () followed.

　　At 11:11, the Growth Enterprise Market Index rose to 3%, the Shanghai Composite Index rose by 0.81%, and the Shenzhen Component Index rose by 1.98%. Cultural media, online games, securities and other sectors were among the top gainers, with more than 4,500 stocks in the two cities rising.

　　At 13:08, the lithium mine stocks rose by shock, () and Yiwei lithium could rise by more than 6%, and (), (), () and () followed.

　　At 13:14, the concept of Huawei’s ascension changed in the afternoon, () once hit the daily limit, and (), (), Yuncong Technology and () followed suit.

　　At 13: 33, the concept stocks of 3D printing continued to rise, (1) it hit the daily limit of 20CM in the afternoon, (2) it hit the daily limit of 20CM before, and (3) it rose by over 10%, followed by grinded powder, (3) and golden oranges.

　　13:36 According to the straight flush iFinD data, up to now, the turnover of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets has exceeded 800 billion yuan, of which the turnover of Shanghai stock market is 336.5 billion yuan and that of Shenzhen stock market is 463.4 billion yuan.

　　At 13:46, the memory chip sector oscillated strongly, () hit the daily limit of 20CM, () rose by over 12%, and (), (), Baiwei Storage, Hengshuo Shares and () followed suit.

　　13:46 South Korea’s Kostak index rose to 7% in the afternoon, after the South Korean government announced that it would ban short selling of stocks until the end of June next year.

　　At 14:05, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited rose by over 5%, with turnover exceeding 5.5 billion yuan.

　　At 14:34, the Seoul Composite Index closed up 5.66% at 2502.37 points, the biggest one-day gain since March 25, 2020. The Korea Financial Supervisory Authority issued a statement on November 5, saying that short selling of stocks will be temporarily banned from November 6 until June 2024, so that regulators can improve their rules and systems.

　　At 14:45, Huawei’s auto concept stocks continued to strengthen, and Cyrus had a daily limit at the end of the session, with a turnover of nearly 10 billion. Jingquanhua and Tenglong shares had a daily limit before, and many shares such as Ruihu Mould, Bojun Technology and Top Group rose more than 5%.

　　News:

　　1. Social Security Fund: Firmly optimistic about the long-term allocation value of domestic stocks.

　　According to the Securities Daily, on November 4th, the Annual Report on Entrusted Operation of the Basic Endowment Insurance Fund of the National Social Security Fund Council (2022) released by the National Social Security Fund Council showed that in 2022, the income from equity investment of the basic endowment insurance fund was 5.105 billion yuan, with an investment return rate of 0.33%. At the end of 2022, the total equity of the entrusted basic endowment insurance fund was 1.62 trillion yuan. "The Social Security Fund will always strengthen its confidence, maintain its strategic strength, firmly value the long-term allocation of domestic stocks, take the initiative to seize market opportunities to carry out dynamic allocation, increase positions on dips, realize long-term layout, and lay the foundation for obtaining long-term high returns; At the same time, adhere to the medium-and long-term strategic allocation ratio of fixed-income assets and play its role as a stabilizer for income in the overall downward range of the market. " The relevant person in charge of the Social Security Fund said.

　　2. CITIC Securities: The securities industry is expected to usher in historic new opportunities.

　　Citic Securities Research Report pointed out that the Central Financial Work Conference set the next direction of financial supervision reform, and the CSRC recently organized a study on the spirit of the conference. We suggest focusing on the upcoming Action Plan for Investment-side Reform of Capital Market, which will outline the policy framework for investment-side to help build a modern capital market with China characteristics, or the focus of a new round of capital market reform. We expect the document to make systematic arrangements from the aspects of increasing the introduction of medium and long-term funds and promoting the high-quality development of Public Offering of Fund industries. In addition, the securities industry is also expected to usher in historic new opportunities. It is expected that the policy will encourage the securities industry to merge and reorganize to build a first-class investment bank.

　　3. Wang Wentao: Promote the reasonable reduction of the negative list of foreign investment in the Pilot Free Trade Zone and introduce the negative list of cross-border service trade as soon as possible.

　　Wang Wentao, Minister of Commerce, published an article entitled "Strive to Build a Higher Level Pilot Free Trade Zone" in People’s Daily, which mentioned that it will further promote the institutional opening of rules, regulations, management and standards. Organize the implementation of the first batch of pilot docking policies and measures for free trade zones and ports, and promote them to a wider scope in due course. On this basis, we will speed up the pilot work of comprehensively docking international high-standard economic and trade rules. Promote a reasonable reduction of the negative list of foreign investment in the Pilot Free Trade Zone, introduce a negative list of cross-border service trade as soon as possible, increase the intensity of opening stress testing, and lead the country to continue to expand its opening up.

　　4. Ten entry-exit policies and measures to support Fujian’s construction of a demonstration zone for cross-strait integration and development were introduced.

　　According to Xinhua News Agency, the reporter learned from the Exit-Entry Administration of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the 6th that in order to thoroughly implement the "Opinions of the State Council, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Supporting Fujian to Explore New Ways of Cross-Strait Integration and Development and Build a Cross-Strait Integration and Development Demonstration Zone", the bureau closely followed the construction plan of the Cross-Strait Integration and Development Demonstration Zone, focused on the needs and expectations of Taiwan compatriots, Taiwanese businessmen and Taiwanese enterprises, and studied and introduced ten entry-exit policies and measures, which will be implemented on January 1, 2024, to further promote personnel exchanges between Fujian and Taiwan, facilitate Taiwan compatriots to live and live in Fujian, and deepen cross-strait integration In terms of facilitating exchanges between Taiwan compatriots, mainland travel permit for taiwan residents’s "online office", "port office" and "centralized office" have been implemented, making it more convenient to apply for permits and enriching the channels for applying for permits, so that Taiwan compatriots can come to Fujian whenever they want; We will promote the establishment of an entry-exit certificate production center in Xiamen, and shorten the time limit for personnel in Xiamen, Xiamen and Fuma "City Life Circle" to apply for entry-exit certificates from 7 working days to 5 working days.

　　5. Ant Bailing AI model will be open to the public.

　　According to science and technology innovation board Daily, the reporter learned from Ant Group that a variety of products based on Bailing Big Model have completed internal testing one after another and will be open to the public. Ant Bailing language model adopts Transfromer architecture, which is trained based on trillion Token corpus, and the supporting window length is 32K. It is also known that at the basic model level, in addition to the Bailing language model that passed the record this time, Ant Group is also developing the Bailing multi-modal model, which has been tested internally.

　　6. Betta confirmed that CEO Chen Shaojie had lost contact for nearly three weeks.

　　According to the cover news, a few days ago, many sources revealed that Chen Shaojie, chairman and CEO of Betta, had lost contact recently. On November 6th, the reporter asked Betta about the relevant contents and confirmed the news that Chen Shaojie lost contact.

　　7. Social Security Fund: Give full play to the advantages and functions of social security funds as long-term funds and patient capital.

　　According to the National Social Security Fund, on November 2nd, Ding Xuedong, Party Secretary of the Social Security Fund, presided over a party meeting. The meeting emphasized that we should always adhere to the fundamental purpose of financial services to the real economy, deeply understand the distinctive political and people-oriented nature of social security funds, actively give play to the advantages and functions of social security funds as long-term funds and patient capital, increase investment around the strategic objectives and key areas of economic and social development, and contribute to accelerating the construction of a new development pattern and promoting high-quality development.

　　8. The 20 billion equity of Evergrande High-tech Group was frozen.

　　Tianyancha App shows that recently, Evergrande Group Co., Ltd. added a piece of information about stock right freezing. The enterprise whose stock right was executed was Evergrande High-tech Group Co., Ltd., and the amount of stock right was 20 billion RMB. The freezing period was from October 27, 2023 to October 26, 2026, and the enforcement court was Cangzhou Intermediate People’s Court of Hebei Province. Evergrande High-tech Group Co., Ltd. was established in June 2018. Its legal representative is Lincoln Qiu, with a registered capital of 20 billion RMB. Its business scope includes high-tech industry operation, development and application of life sciences, aerospace, integrated circuits, quantum technology, new energy, artificial intelligence, robot technology, technical consulting services, information consulting services, etc. It is wholly owned by Evergrande Group Co., Ltd.. According to the risk information, the company has one information about the person being executed, which was enforced for more than 5.54 million yuan in October this year.

　　9. The Seoul Composite Index closed up 5.66%, the biggest one-day gain in more than three and a half years.

　　South Korea’s Seoul Composite Index closed up 5.66% at 2502.37 points, the biggest one-day gain since March 25, 2020. The Korea Financial Supervisory Authority issued a statement on November 5, saying that short selling of stocks will be temporarily banned from November 6 until June 2024, so that regulators can improve their rules and systems.

In China, the popularity can be said to be enduring, and many young people will choose one as their first car in life. But different from the past, young people nowadays have higher and higher requirements for appearance and configuration. Not only must they have high face value, but intelligent technology should also keep up with the times. If the conditions are set within 100,000 yuan, then I believe that Kaiyi Xuanjie Pro and Geely Binyue will be two cars that young people can’t avoid. Indeed, these two SUVs have excellent product strength, and both rely on two powerful brands for technical backing. Compared with other competitions, they can stand out. Then, comparing these two cars, who will be stronger?

Xuanjie Pro and Binyue are both boutique SUVs with a main price of 100,000 yuan. Although the former has not been listed for a long time, it has become a shopping list for many people because of its excellent product strength and better understanding of young people’s interconnected thinking. The latter has long been in the forefront of the sales list at the same level, and its strong performance does not lose the popular joint venture models. At the same time, the price range of these two cars has a high degree of overlap, and its competitive intention is very obvious. In order to make the comparison fair and just, this time, the two models with similar prices are selected, and they are also the two most popular versions, namely, Xuanjie Pro 1.5T CVT Jinzun Edition and Binyue 1.4T DCT Diamond Edition, which are priced at 93,900 yuan and 96,800 yuan respectively.

Design: Xuanjie Pro is fashionable and exquisite, and Binyue is dynamic and radical.

First of all, from the appearance design, these two cars all adopt the latest design language of the brand, so the appearance value is designed to be relatively young. Among them, Xuanjie Pro adopts the latest design language of Kaiyi brand, and its overall appearance is very high, and it looks very dynamic and fashionable. The front face is based on simple and personalized design, and is equipped with upper and lower layered grille design. The upper grille is long and narrow, which is connected with the headlight groups with all LEDs on both sides. The lower grille conforms to the trend of modernization, and its area is larger than that of the previous dazzling world, and it is supplemented by lattice structure decoration inside, which makes it more exquisite in fashion.

Binyue is also a player with a high face value. It adopts the Geely ripple front face design, which has a very good recognition. The front grille uses a relatively flat shield-shaped mesh, and the red trim is added as an ornament. With the black painted "X" design, it looks very dynamic. The two sides of the net are connected with the angular headlight group through the black decorative board, which further enhances the integrity of the front face, but the headlight light source is halogen, and the visual effect is not as sharp as that of the LED headlights of Xuanjie Pro, and the exquisiteness of its front is not as good as that of Xuanjie Pro.

The side design of both cars is simple and capable, the body alignment is also very harmonious, and the roof adopts the popular suspension design, which is in line with the positioning of their young groups. In addition, in terms of wheels, both cars are very kind, equipped with large tires of 215/55 R18 specifications, but the styles of wheels are different. In contrast, the design of blade wheels and red sports calipers adopted by Xuanjie Pro has more visual impact than Binyue’s double five-spoke style.

The length, width and height of Xuanjie Pro are 4400×1831×1653 mm and the wheelbase is 2632mm respectively. Binyue has a length, width and height of 4330×1800×1609 mm and a wheelbase of 2600 mm.. In terms of body size, Hyun Jie Pro has an obvious leading edge, which is bigger than Bin Yue, which can be said to provide an innate advantage for its interior space.

The tail design of Hyun Jie Pro is full and layered, and its style is as dynamic and fashionable as the front of the car. Of course, the most eye-catching thing is the large-size hollowed-out tail wing designed on the rear roof, which looks like a high-performance car. The back-shaped penetrating LED taillights further add color to the rear of the car, which is a feature of Hyun Jie Pro in detail design. The slender "L"-shaped decorative pieces on both sides below echo the front of the car, and are equipped with exhaust ports on both sides, further enhancing the dynamic atmosphere of Hyun Jie Pro.

In contrast, Binyue’s design is too grandiose, the most obvious thing is that it matches the exhaust ports of the two sides, which seems to be very scary, but it is only used for decoration. Although Xuanjie Pro is designed with double air outlets, it is just right in visual effect, and the overall collocation is very reasonable. There are no exaggerated details, which gives people the feeling that the tail design is more attractive.

Interior quality: the performance of workmanship materials is equivalent, but Xuanjie Pro technology is richer.

Xuanjie Pro interior presentation

Binyue interior presentation

After comparing the appearance, let’s take a look at the interiors of the two cars. The interior of Xuanjie Pro is rich in simple texture. Whether it is the outline of simple lines or the collocation of two-color leather materials, it creates more simple luxury. Binyue’s interior is very layered, and the central control area is distinguished by straight horizontal lines. In terms of materials used for work, both cars have shown their due standards, covered with a large area of soft materials, and with fine stitching technology, the details are handled in place, and the vision and touch are very good.

Xuanjie Pro central control is equipped with double 10.25-inch color LCD screens, including a full LCD instrument panel and a floating central control touch screen. The air conditioning area below has also been redesigned, and the operation buttons are all chrome-plated piano keys. The compact gearbox gear is more exquisite in shape, which complements the simple and textured atmosphere inside the car.

Binyue is also equipped with a large-size suspended central control panel, but the instrument panel is still a traditional pointer. This is not to mention the comparison with the dazzling Pro, even in the face of other competing products at the same level. As for the air-conditioning control area below, the key forms are different. In addition, both cars are equipped with in-car PM2.5 filter devices, which can effectively remove and block tiny particles, providing a fresh and healthy safe cockpit environment for the car.

In terms of configuration, Xuanjie Pro is equipped with keyless entry, one-button start, electronic handbrake, tire pressure monitoring, cruise control, lane departure warning, 360 panoramic image, automatic parking, steep slope descent, full LCD dashboard, central control touch screen, smart car networking, car navigation, mobile phone mapping screen projection, three USB charging interfaces in front and back, multi-function steering wheel, wireless charging of mobile phone, remote start and voice interaction.

The Binyue comparison model is only equipped with keyless entry, one-button start, electronic handbrake, tire pressure monitoring, 360 panoramic image, automatic parking, steep slope descent, central control touch screen, intelligent car networking, car navigation, three USB charging interfaces, multi-function steering wheel, remote start, voice interaction and other configurations. Compared with Xuanjie Pro, Binyue lacks lane departure warning, full LCD instrument panel, wireless charging of mobile phones, full leather electric seats, LED headlights and one-button lifting of full window glass, and its price is close to 3,000 yuan. Therefore, in terms of vehicle configuration, Hyun Jie Pro has better overall performance, richer configuration and higher cost performance.

Driving space: Xuanjie Pro seat is soft and advanced, and the rear space is more spacious.

Xuanjie Pro seat presentation

Binyue seat presentation

In terms of comfort, Xuanjie Pro seat is wrapped in leather material, which is very thick and soft and comfortable to look at, while the two-color design and sports style make it look very advanced, and it is also equipped with six electric adjustments, which is comfortable and enhances convenience. Binyue’s seat is made of leather+fabric. Although the overall softness can meet expectations, it only supports manual adjustment in function, which is not as convenient and advanced as Xuanjie Pro.

Xuanjie Pro ride space presentation

In addition, thanks to the overall advantages of the body size of Xuanjie Pro, its overall seating space naturally wins without any suspense in theory, and through actual comparison, it can be seen that after the model with a height of 172cm adjusts her sitting posture in the front row, there is more than one punch in the head space and more than two punches in the leg space in the back row.

Binyue ride space display

When the same model comes to Binyue, it can also have a better spatial performance, but it is slightly inferior to the dazzling Pro in the head space, but there is no problem in meeting the basic household needs.

Dynamic performance: Xuanjie Pro gold has good dynamic performance and better driving quality.

In terms of power, Xuanjie Pro is equipped with a 1.5T engine, which is matched with a CVT continuously variable gearbox that can simulate 9 gears. The maximum power of the engine is 156 HP and the maximum torque is 230 Nm. Binyue is equipped with a 1.4T engine, which is matched with a 6-speed dual-clutch gearbox. The maximum power of the engine is 141 HP and the peak torque is 235 Nm. As far as data is concerned, Xuanjie Pro has an advantage. In terms of chassis configuration, both cars adopt the combination of front McPherson independent suspension and rear torsion beam dependent suspension, which is common at this level.

In actual driving, the performance of Hyun Jie Pro is also better. First of all, it is very brisk to drive. Whether it is a static start or an accelerated overtaking, the strong power output of this 1.5T engine can easily meet your expectations. Secondly, Xuanjie Pro is matched with CVT gearbox, which has the inherent smoothness advantage. During the whole process of stepping on the accelerator, there will be no frustration and the power output is very linear. Finally, the gearbox also has a manual mode, which can simulate 9 gears to meet the occasional passionate driving and control needs.

Binyue’s driving experience is mainly lost in the equipped dual-clutch gearbox. In the process of low speed and rapid acceleration, Binyue will have obvious frustration compared with Xuanjie Pro. In addition, if it accelerates in the middle and high speed range, its power shortage will also be displayed. After all, the maximum power value is there, and the overall driving performance is relatively not as good as Xuanjie Pro.

Full text summary:As two high-quality SUV models with independent brands within 100,000 yuan, Kaiyi Xuanjie Pro and Geely Binyue actually have good overall performance, but through the hard-hitting product strength comparison, it can still be seen that Xuanjie Pro has more or less advantages in appearance value, interior quality, technology configuration, driving space and dynamic feeling, and its overall performance can better meet the needs of young people. As a hot-selling model at the same level, although Binyue’s brand awareness is higher, after all, it has been on the market for a long time. In the face of the new generation of dark horses, its strength is not anti-noise, and the higher price has prompted its comprehensive strength to be inferior to that of Hyun Jie Pro.

　　On December 11th, 2016, it has been 15 years since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). In the historical process of China’s reform and opening up, China’s accession to the WTO is a key turning point. On December 11th, 15 years ago, China and the world took that important step together, which not only made China more closely connected with the world, but also made China more firmly integrated into the world.

　　Mutual benefit and win-win, the biggest "gift package" brought to China and the world.

　　In the 15 years since China’s entry into WTO, China has benefited from the development of globalization, and at the same time, it has been more deeply integrated into the world economy, becoming an indispensable and important force to promote the development of the world economy. Mutual benefit and win-win is an accurate description of the changes in the relationship between China and the world in the past 15 years.

　　"Joining the WTO is an important milestone for China’s economy to integrate into the world economy, and it is also an objective need for China to adapt to the development trend of economic globalization and further deepen reform and opening up." Gu Xueming, president of the Institute of International Economic and Trade Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce, pointed out in an interview with the Economic Daily that "joining the WTO has played an important role in promoting China’s foreign trade development and stimulating economic growth."

　　Gu Xueming pointed out that, for China, by joining the WTO, China began to participate in the multilateral trading system, and established closer cooperative relations with other countries in international trade, investment, service and technology transfer, which in turn helped China to use factors and markets in a wider range, pushed reform and opening up to a new stage, and greatly promoted the development of social productive forces. At the same time, China’s accession to the World Trade Organization has enabled China to enjoy the results of tariff concessions in eight rounds of negotiations since the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and enjoy the GSP treatment more widely, greatly improving China’s terms of trade, and at the same time promoting China’s further reform of its foreign economic and trade system, and taking important steps.

　　On the whole, from 2002 to 2015, the real GDP of China achieved an average annual growth rate of 9.74%. In 2001, China’s GDP was US$ 1.33 trillion, accounting for only 4.02% of the global GDP. By 2015, China’s GDP will reach US$ 10.87 trillion, accounting for 14.78% of the world’s total, ranking second in the world, up by 10.76 percentage points compared with that before China’s entry into WTO. According to the trade data, from 2002 to 2015, the import and export of China achieved an average annual growth rate of 15.31%. In 2001, China’s total import and export volume was 0.51 trillion US dollars, accounting for only 4.02% of the global import and export volume. After 15 years, in 2015, China’s total import and export volume was 3.96 trillion US dollars, about 8 times of the total import and export volume before China’s entry into WTO (2001), accounting for 11.89% of the global import and export volume, which was 7.87 percentage points higher than that before China’s entry into WTO.

　　"Since China’s accession to the WTO, it has made efforts to reform its domestic economic system and legal system in accordance with WTO rules, which has enabled China to integrate into the global economic system more quickly, and its foreign economic and trade activities have increased rapidly, and its share of trade and investment in the world has also increased substantially, effectively boosting China’s economic growth." Professor Sang Baichuan, dean of the Institute of International Economics of the University of International Business and Economics, said in an interview with the Economic Daily that China’s accession has also provided more trade and investment opportunities for other WTO members, which has boosted the growth of the world economy. "In the past 15 years, China has contributed the most to the growth of world economy and trade among the members of the World Trade Organization."

　　Over the past 15 years, China’s contribution rate and pull to world economic growth have been continuously improved. From 2002 to 2015, the proportion of China’s GDP in the world increased from 4.25% to 14.78%. If we look at the two points before and after China’s entry into WTO, we can find that in 2001, before the entry into WTO, the contribution rate of China’s real GDP to the world was only 0.53%, and the pulling degree to the global real GDP growth rate was 0.03 percentage points. However, by 2015, the contribution rate of China’s real GDP to the world is 24.8%, and the driving force to the global real GDP growth rate is 0.6 percentage points.

　　"In a global sense, China’s entry into WTO has injected new vitality into the further development of economic globalization", Gu Xueming pointed out, "China has driven the development of the world economy with its own development".

　　Keeping its promise, China constantly promotes the improvement of international trade rules.

　　In the past 15 years, the changes brought about by China’s accession to the WTO are not only reflected in its strong support for the world economy, but also in its commitment to the WTO, its respect for WTO rules and its promotion of the development of international trade rules in a more just and reasonable direction. As a representative of emerging economies, China has promoted the change of irrational and unjust international economic order and the evolution of global economic governance.

　　"The integration of China and the world economic system is not only reflected in the integration of capital, resources and markets, but more importantly, the docking of rules." Researcher Xing Houyuan, deputy director of the China Service Outsourcing Research Center, pointed out in an interview with this reporter that in the past 15 years, China’s compliance with WTO rules has made great contributions. "Multilateral rules have been practiced and promoted in China, the world’s most populous market and the second largest economy in the world."

　　After China’s entry into WTO, China has become an active participant, defender and contributor to the multilateral trading system, and advocates that the multilateral trading system represented by WTO should be the main channel of global trade rules. Over the past 15 years, China has taken practical actions to safeguard the multilateral trading system, participated in the construction of the multilateral trading system in an all-round way, and continuously improved its position and role in many WTO negotiations. China is committed to the progress of the Doha Development Round and actively participates in all rule-making and market opening negotiations within the WTO framework; Strictly implement the WTO ruling, use the trade dispute settlement mechanism to oppose trade protectionism, and file 13 lawsuits with the WTO; Successfully passed six WTO trade policy deliberations; Support the least developed countries and developing countries, and from December 10, 2015, implement zero tariffs on 97% of the tax items of 33 least developed countries that have established diplomatic relations and completed the exchange of letters; As the host country of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting in 2014 and the presidency of the G-20 in 2016, we have sent a positive signal together with all parties to support the multilateral trading system and resolutely oppose protectionism.

　　At the beginning of China’s entry into WTO, the tariff level was greatly reduced at first, and the tariff levels of industrial products and agricultural products were lowered to varying degrees. China has been working hard to promote the implementation of trade facilitation and investment facilitation. In terms of market access for service trade, China has continuously expanded the scope of market access for service trade. In terms of investment access, China has introduced the market access mode of national treatment plus negative list. In addition, bold efforts have been made to reduce non-tariff measures. At the same time, a large number of administrative examination and approval items have been cleared up, many administrative examination and approval contents have been cancelled, and a series of international economic and trade laws and regulations have been revised. China has made great improvements in intellectual property protection, environmental standards, import and export inspection and quarantine system, foreign exchange management system and international capital flow management system.

　　"As a member of the World Trade Organization, China is not only trying to adapt to the requirements of the rules of the World Trade Organization, but also trying to carry out effective cooperation with developing and developed members to promote the improvement of the rules of the World Trade Organization," Sang Baichuan told reporters. For example, in the Doha Round negotiations, China was an active contributor. China also plays a constructive role in promoting fair trade and promoting negotiations on common issues of common concern. "China is an important builder of the World Trade Organization and an important force for adhering to the multilateral economic and trade system."

　　"China has made efforts to promote the development of international trade rules in a more reasonable and just direction," Gu Xueming pointed out. On the one hand, China has fully participated in the construction of the multilateral trading system, and its position and role in many WTO negotiations have been continuously improved. China promoted the conclusion of the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation and the Agreement on Information Technology (ITA), and contributed to its early implementation. At present, China is actively participating in a number of plurilateral negotiations under the WTO framework, including participating in the negotiation of the Agreement on Environmental Products as a sponsor, submitting six bidding lists for China’s accession to the Agreement on Government Procurement to the WTO, and applying to join the negotiation of the Agreement on Trade in Services. On the other hand, China is committed to building a high-level free trade zone. Up to now, 14 free trade agreements have been signed and implemented, involving 22 countries and regions. China-South Korea and China-Australia Free Trade Zones cover new issues such as intellectual property rights, competition, cross-border e-commerce and environment, while China-US and China-EU new generation investment agreements and RCEP negotiations pay more attention to investment liberalization, and adopt the mode of pre-entry national treatment plus negative list. In November 2016, China and New Zealand initiated negotiations on upgrading the China-Singapore FTA.

　　Open wider to the outside world, persist in economic globalization and oppose protectionism.

　　The changes and adjustments brought about by the international financial crisis are still going on, and the economic and trade pattern including world trade, investment and industrial chain is also undergoing profound changes. What kind of strategy China will adopt in the future to face the development and changes of global trade pattern and multilateral trading system is a question worthy of serious consideration.

　　The current multilateral trading system has made remarkable achievements since its establishment in 1995. The total trade volume of more than 160 member countries accounts for more than 90% of global trade, which has played an irreplaceable role in global trade and investment liberalization and world economic growth. However, the existing international trade rules, based on traditional trade issues, are mainly used to regulate the cross-border trade flow of goods, which has fallen far behind the actual needs. At present, trade protectionism is on the rise, trade friction is intensifying and the international trade environment is deteriorating, which hinders the recovery of the world economy. Therefore, China is actively seeking ways to promote the upgrading of multilateral trade rules, promote the negotiation of WTO plurilateral agreements, and support the early completion of the Doha Round of WTO negotiations.

　　"In the future, China should continue to oppose trade protectionism, strengthen international cooperation and jointly safeguard the multilateral trading system. Give full play to the important role of the dispute settlement mechanism under the WTO framework in maintaining the stability and predictability of the multilateral trading system, "Gu Xueming told reporters:" WTO members will not easily give up the multilateral trading system that benefits the global economy, and China will continue to make efforts to support the early completion of the WTO Doha Round negotiations and truly realize the development goals set by all members. "

　　"For the current trade protectionism, we should not only stay at the level of advocacy and moral accusation, but also take practical measures at the multilateral level, and the overall framework should be adjusted." Xing Houyuan said that only when the restraint mechanism is perfect and trade protectionism is actually restrained can we maintain the fair development of global trade.

　　"Under the framework of the World Trade Organization, maintaining a fair and free trade system is the direction that China should stick to". Sang Baichuan pointed out that in the development of international economic and trade rules, the distribution of interests among WTO members is unbalanced. The income of different classes within a member is also uneven. Under the two unbalanced conditions, different views and strategies on trade liberalization have been triggered. Some WTO members have picked up the means of trade protection, which has also formed an impact on the multilateral system. In the future, China should promote the improvement of international economic and trade rules and reform the global economic governance system in accordance with the basic concepts of fairness, openness, sharing and mutual benefit. "We should give full play to the basic role of the WTO in global economic governance, take the multilateral system as the foundation and regional cooperation as the starting point, and jointly promote the liberalization and fairness of international economic and trade from both multilateral and regional dimensions."

　　On September 23rd, the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou opened! Hangzhou Asian Games is not only a sports event, but also a big stage to show Chinese culture. As a bronze "Hangzhou business card" presented to the world,"Zhu Bingren Bronze" also inserted the wings of the Asian Games and "flew" to everyone.

Now, let’s look at it from the perspective of copper

Let’s take a look at the different Hangzhou Asian Games ~

"Zhu Bingren Copper" welcomes all of you to meet in Hangzhou.

Watch the game, enjoy the beautiful scenery and enjoy the culture together ~

Please keep this bronze sculpture map of the Asian Games.

17 places to visit

Let’s punch in one place at a time and set off after reading it!

Cultural House of Technical Officials Village in Asian Games Village 　

　　Entering the cultural house of technical officials’ village, the atmosphere of "national style" is full. What you see is a map of a thousand miles of mountains and rivers nearly 6 meters long. In the hut, there are also lifelike "Thousands of Waves Rolling Snow", "Sunflowers Facing the Sun" and "Fulu China Zun". These bronze works of art from Zhu Bingren, the master of China, all reflect the ingenuity of intangible skills and highlight the elegant charm of Jiangnan literati.

Asian Games Village Media Village

　　Walk into the Media Village of the Asian Games Village on the Qiantang River. During the Asian Games, it will be the "home" of about 12,000 media reporters around the world. The Lotus Zun of the Asian Games, designed by Zhu Bingren with Liangzhu culture, is displayed here. Celadon and bronze carving are two intangible crafts that collide and merge to create an exclusive gift for the Asian Games in Hangzhou.

Asian Games Village Protocol Service Center

　　In the Protocol Service Center of the Asian Games Village, which undertakes the heavy reception task of the Asian Games Village, three collections of Zhu Bingren’s "Gifts to the Asian Games" were exhibited, namely, Three Seals of Hearts, China Chess for the Asian Games, and Lucky Runze Geng Cai Copper Bottle. Traditional bronze art is combined with the spirit of the Asian Games, and the bronze heart is dedicated to the Asian Games.

Asian Games Village Licensed Goods Retail Store

　　In the licensed retail stores in the Asian Games Village, all the licensed commemorative collections created by Zhu Bingren for the "Gift Asian Games" are listed! Soul mate three consecutive seals, Lotus Zun of Asian Games, Lucky Runze Geng Cai Copper Bottle, Asian Games China Chess, Asian Rhyme Runze Series, Oriental Grand Ceremony Asian Games with Jade … … Inheriting ingenuity and stunning the world!

Main Media Center of Hangzhou Asian Games

　　The main media center of the Hangzhou Asian Games is the base camp for Chinese and foreign media reporters during the Games, where the exhibition "Golden Pine welcomes guests" extends obliquely, as if it were a hospitable host. The beautiful meaning of "welcoming guests", "accompanying guests" and "seeing them off" complements the image of the main media center of Hangzhou Asian Games in welcoming visitors from all directions and displaying the window of the host city.

Linping sports center

　　Entering the Linping Sports Center Stadium, the venues are firmly connected in series by a "Silk Road". In the venue, 10 pieces of bronze works of art, including "Zhu Bingren Copper", such as "Celebrating the Year", "Longevity and Longevity", "Splendid Harmony" and "Fulu Xianbao", presented a magnificent cultural feast of the national tide!

Tonglu equestrian center

　　Tonglu Equestrian Center, located in Tonglu County, Hangzhou, is the venue for equestrian events of Hangzhou Asian Games and one of the few professional equestrian competition venues in China. The "Zhu Bingren Imperial Horse Works Exhibition" was held here, and 26 non-legacy bronze horses were full of heroic spirit, showing the glory of the Asian Games.

Hangzhou World Tourism Expo

　　At the "Hangzhou 2023 Olympic Expo" held by Hangzhou World Tourism Museum, you can not only see the centuries-old legacy of previous Asian Games and Olympic Games, such as torches, medals, mascots, posters and images, but also appreciate Zhu Bingren’s classic works inspired by Asian Games elements ~

Zhu Bingren presented the Soul of the Sword to IOC President Bach.

　　China Jiangnan Water Town Culture Museum

　　See how the elements of the Asian Games in Hangzhou "collide" with the water culture in the south of the Yangtze River. There are 40 pieces (sets) of Zhu Bingren’s selected works, 800 square meters of art space, and the "Melting into the South of the Yangtze River" art exhibition in China. The exhibition will simultaneously carry out a number of non-legacy experience activities, waiting for you to participate ~

Zhejiang Zhu Bingren Bronze Carving Art Museum

　　The Asian Games "Collection Show", Ink "Dopamine" and Copper "Blind Box" were unpacked & HELIP; … The bronze houses in the south of the Yangtze River, located in Hefang Street, are in full swing to present the Asian Games. In the experience area of non-legacy activities, there are also non-legacy copper activities waiting for you. "Zhu Bingren Copper" and you "Copper" go to a national non-genetic inheritance "relay" outside the Asian Games schedule … …

Zhijiang New Library of Zhejiang Library

　　From the "temple of books" to the "ladder of knowledge", the bronze mural of "starry sky" is just around the corner. Hand-painted starry sky "cloud ink painting", combined with the art of melting copper and high-temperature glaze color production, builds a beautiful landscape of the "universe" of the book sea, and takes pictures by punching in.

Hangzhou east railway station arrivals and departures center VIP room

　　Hangzhou east railway station is known as the "first gateway" of Hangzhou. In the strong atmosphere of the Asian Games, four exquisite copper artworks from "Zhu Bingren Copper", such as Luwang Tianzun, Qianli Jiangshan Series and Ruihe Chengxiang Tea Tray, are displayed in the VIP room, showing the beauty of mountains and rivers and the charm of culture.

Hangzhou east railway station wanxianghui

　　Coming out of the East Station, I just went to Vientiane for a stroll. In the circular area of Wanxianghui Atrium, several innovative copper artworks of "Zhu Bingren Copper" kicked off. Near one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia — — At the Vientiane Meeting next to hangzhou east railway station, "Zhu Bingren Copper" tells the cultural story of China to the whole world.

Hangzhou city balcony

　　With the Asian Games, the city balcony has become a new landmark in online celebrity, and the light show on both sides of Qianjiang River attracts thousands of people to watch it. The presence of "Zhu Bingren Bronze" melts the intangible bronze art into the city landmark, and interprets the spirit of the Asian Games with the elements of song rhyme, which is intertwined with ancient and modern times and has a unique charm.

Beichen Hotel Hangzhou International Expo Center

　　Official reception hotels at the main venue of G20 Hangzhou Summit and Hangzhou Asian Games — — In the Beichen Hotel of Hangzhou International Expo Center, works of "Zhu Bingren Copper" can be seen everywhere, such as Yayun Runze Series, Deer King Tianzun, Bronze Pots Flourishing All the Way and Good Luck All the Way … … 18 pieces of non-legacy bronze works of art complement each other, and the sub-rhyme is wonderful ~

Grand hyatt Hangzhou

　　Grand Hyatt Hangzhou, located on the beautiful West Lake, is also one of the designated reception hotels for the 19th Hangzhou Asian Games. Bottle flowers, bonsai, tea ware … … A piece of bronze works of art is displayed here. They come from Zhu Junmin, a master of arts and crafts in Zhejiang Province and a representative inheritor of national intangible bronze carving skills in Zhejiang Province, and spread the cultural code of "Song Yun" with the wind of the Asian Games.

Sofitel Hangzhou Westlake

　　In Sofitel Hangzhou West Lake Hotel, the "Zhu Bingren Copper" Intangible Life Experience Museum is located here, surrounded by French romance with bright bronze art, and the beautiful poetry of combining Chinese and Western styles is interpreted. At first glance, the licensed commemorative collection created by Zhu Bingren for the Asian Games is displayed in the "C position", and the elements of the Asian Games "collide" with the Song Yun culture, showing the grand scene of Hangzhou culture and the beauty of Song Yun which have been passed down for thousands of years.

Opinions on the implementation of quota management of local government debt
FB [2015] No.225

People’s governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning:

In order to further standardize the management of local government debt, give full play to the positive role of government debt in promoting economic and social development, and prevent and resolve financial risks, according to the budget law, the State Council’s Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Local Government Debt (Guo Fa [2014] No.43) and the relevant requirements of the State Council’s proposal on submitting for deliberation and approval of the local government debt limit in 2015, with the consent of the State Council, we hereby put forward the following implementation opinions on the management of local government debt limit:

First, strengthen the management of local government debt limit.

(1) Reasonably determine the total debt limit of local governments. The local government debt balance shall be subject to quota management. The annual local government debt limit is equal to the local government debt limit of the previous year plus the new debt limit of the current year (or minus the reduced debt limit of the current year), which is divided into general debt limit and special debt limit.

The total local government debt limit is determined by the State Council according to the national macroeconomic situation and other factors, and reported to the National People’s Congress for approval. In the implementation of the annual budget, if the new limit of local government debt needs to be adjusted under the following special circumstances, the State Council will submit it to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) for approval: when the downward pressure on the economy is great and a proactive fiscal policy needs to be implemented, the new debt limit of the year will be appropriately expanded; When the economic situation improves and it is necessary to implement a prudent fiscal policy or a moderately tight fiscal policy, the new debt limit in the current year will be appropriately reduced or the debt limit will be reasonably reduced on the basis of the previous year’s debt limit.

(2) Distribute the debt limits of local governments by region step by step. The government debt limits of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be put forward by the Ministry of Finance within the total limit approved by the National People’s Congress or its Standing Committee, based on factors such as debt risk, financial situation and overall consideration of national macro-control policies and regional construction investment needs, and submitted to the State Council for approval before being issued to provincial financial departments.

The provincial financial department shall, in accordance with the quota issued by the Ministry of Finance, put forward suggestions on the debt arrangement of the local government, and prepare a budget adjustment plan, which shall be approved by the provincial government at the corresponding level; According to the debt risk, financial situation and other factors, and coordinating the local construction investment demand, the government debt limit of the province level and its cities and counties in the current year was put forward, and it was issued to the cities and counties after being approved by the provincial government. If it is really necessary for the municipal and county governments to borrow debts, they shall put forward plans for borrowing and using local government debts in the current year in accordance with the approved limits, include them in the budget adjustment plan, report them to the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress at the corresponding level for approval, report them to the provincial government for the record and borrow them on their behalf.

(3) Borrowing local government debts in strict accordance with the quota. The provincial finance department shall, within the approved local government debt limit, make overall consideration of the external debt lent by the central government, reasonably arrange the variety, structure, term and time of local government bonds, and do a good job in the issuance and payment of government bonds. The central and provincial financial departments report in writing the issuance and payment of local government bonds to the relevant special committees of the people’s congresses at the corresponding levels every six months. If the government debt needs to be included in the follow-up loans of projects under construction borrowed before the local government debt limit is issued in 2015, all localities will adjust their structures within the local government debt limit in 2015. In the future, the follow-up financing needs of projects under construction that need to be included in government debt will be considered as a whole when determining the annual new local government debt limit, and will be borrowed by issuing local government bonds according to law. The new contingent debts of local governments should be strictly limited to the scope of foreign debt lending guaranteed according to law, and bear relevant responsibilities according to the guarantee contract.

(4) Incorporate the classification of local government debts into budget management. Local governments should include all their government debts in the quota and classify them into budget management. Among them, the general debt is included in the general public budget management, and it is mainly repaid by the general public budget income. When the deficit cannot be reduced, the method of borrowing the new and returning the old can be adopted. Special debts are included in the budget management of government funds and repaid through corresponding government funds or special income; Government funds or special income are temporarily difficult to realize. If the land purchased and stored fails to be sold as planned, it can be returned by borrowing new and returning old, and the income will be returned after it is realized.

Two, establish and improve the local government debt risk prevention and control mechanism

(a) a comprehensive assessment and early warning of local government debt risks. Local governments at all levels should fully grasp the assets and liabilities, debt service, financial operation, etc., speed up the establishment of a comprehensive financial reporting system for the government, comprehensively assess the risk situation, track the risk changes, and effectively prevent risks. The central and provincial financial departments should strengthen the supervision of local government debt, timely analyze and evaluate the local government debt risk according to the debt rate, new debt rate, debt repayment rate, overdue debt rate, contingent debt compensation rate and other indicators, and conduct risk early warning for areas with high debt risk.

(2) Pay close attention to establishing a debt risk resolution and emergency response mechanism. The governments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should take overall responsibility for the prevention and control of local government debt risks, establish an incentive and restraint mechanism for debt risk resolution, and comprehensively organize debt risk resolution and emergency response. Local governments at all levels included in the scope of risk early warning should formulate medium-and long-term debt risk mitigation plans and emergency response plans, strictly control the debt increase, and raise funds through multiple channels to digest existing debts by controlling the project scale, reducing expenditures, disposing of assets, and introducing social capital, so as to gradually reduce the debt risk. When it is difficult for city and county governments to repay their debts by themselves, they should start the debt risk emergency response plan and report it in time; The provincial government should strengthen the guidance on the emergency disposal of the debt risk of the city and county governments, and urge them to effectively resolve the debt risk to ensure that regional and systemic risks do not occur.

(3) Improve the local government debt supervision and assessment accountability mechanism. Local governments at all levels should take the initiative to accept the supervision of the people’s congresses at the corresponding levels and the society, and regularly disclose the government debt limit, borrowing, use and repayment to the society. Local governments should follow the principle of marketization and strengthen market constraints in borrowing. The audit department should strengthen the supervision of debt audit according to law, and the financial department should strengthen the monitoring of local governments’ illegal borrowing and debt risks. It is necessary to incorporate government debt management as a hard indicator into the performance appraisal and strengthen the assessment of leading cadres of local governments. The main person in charge of the local government should be the first responsible person, and earnestly do a good job in the prevention and control of government debt risks at the same level. If the local government fails to prevent and resolve the risk of government debt, it should be interviewed and informed, and if necessary, it can be ordered to reduce or suspend the borrowing of new debts. Where the local government illegally borrows or guarantees, it shall be ordered to make corrections, and the relevant personnel shall be held accountable in accordance with the provisions of the budget law.

Third, properly handle the stock debt

(a) earnestly fulfill the responsibility of government debt repayment. For the stock debts of local governments that are included in the budget management after screening, which belong to public welfare projects, the local governments will make overall arrangements for the repayment of budget funds including bond funds, and can dispose of government assets when necessary; Belong to the non-public welfare project debt, by borrowing debt departments and units by reducing budgetary expenditures and other measures to repay, temporarily difficult to reduce the available financial funds in advance, and in the future annual departmental and unit budgets deducted. Cancel the government financing function of financing platform companies, promote the market-oriented transformation and restructuring of financing platform companies with operating income and cash flow, and support them through measures such as government and social capital cooperation (PPP) and government purchase of services.

For the part of local government stock debt borrowed by non-government bonds such as bank loans, the provincial financial department will arrange to issue local government bonds for replacement within the limit after a transition period of about three years. In order to avoid the impact of local competition on the market, the Ministry of Finance will organize and coordinate according to the debt maturity and debt risk, and continue to work with the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other relevant departments to conduct targeted underwriting and issuance of replacement bonds.

(2) Properly dispose of contingent liabilities according to law. The local government should properly handle the contingent debts that are responsible for the government’s guarantee or may be responsible for certain relief. For contingent debts that really need to be compensated according to law, the local government should incorporate the compensated funds into the budget management, and reserve the right of recourse to the original debt unit and relevant responsible parties according to law; Contingent debts that need to be converted into government debts due to changes in the nature of the original debt repayment funds due to changes in budget management methods shall be converted into government debts after being reported to the provincial government for approval without exceeding the limit; For the contingent debts guaranteed in violation of laws and regulations, the government, the debtor and the creditor shall negotiate together to revise the contract, clarify the responsibilities and terminate the guarantee relationship according to law. Local governments should reduce the quota space vacated by government debt balance through cooperation between government and social capital, and give priority to solving the above-mentioned contingent debt compensation or transformation problems.

All regions and departments should further unify their thinking and understanding, attach great importance to it, strictly implement the provisions of local government debt management, clarify the division of tasks and implement their work responsibilities in light of the actual situation of their regions and departments, actively study and solve new problems, sum up experiences and practices in a timely manner, strengthen the guidance of public opinion, give full play to the positive role of standardizing local government debt management in "stabilizing growth" and "preventing risks", and promote the implementation of various policies and measures in place.

the Ministry of Finance
December 21, 2015

CCTV News:The website of the State Supervision Commission of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection published the Notice of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC Central Committee on Standardizing and Defining the Working Procedures of Restoring party member’s Rights after the expiration of the probation and punishment of party member. The full text is as follows:

Discipline inspection commissions of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the accredited institutions and agencies of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Disciplinary Committee of the Military Commission, and the discipline inspection institutions of enterprises and universities in charge of management:

　　In order to standardize and clarify the working procedures of party member’s probation and recovery of party member’s rights after the expiration of punishment, according to the provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of the Provisions on the Approval Authority and Procedures for Disciplinary Actions of party member in the Communist Party of China (CPC) (hereinafter referred to as the "Regulations"), relevant issues are hereby notified as follows.

　　I. Procedures for resuming party member’s rights after the probation period expires. After the expiration of party member’s probation period, the party branch where he works should make a careful investigation on his actual performance during the probation period. If it is considered that he meets the conditions for restoring party member’s rights after investigation, he should make a "Publicity on the Rights of Comrade party member (who was punished by probation in party member)" and publicize it in his unit and party branch (including the unit where he was punished). The publicity period is generally not less than 5 days; After the expiration of the publicity period, if there is no objection or the objection is not established after verification, general party membership meeting, a party branch, shall be convened to discuss the restoration of his rights in party member. I shall not be absent from the meeting without justifiable reasons, and truthfully report his ideological understanding, work performance, law-abiding, honesty and self-discipline and future plans during the probation period. When voting in general party membership meeting, I should generally withdraw. After general party membership meeting, the Party branch, discussed and formed a resolution, he should report the general party membership meeting resolution and other materials to the local grassroots party Committee; After deliberation, the grass-roots Party committee agrees to restore its party member rights on schedule, and it shall report to the Party committee (party group) at the next lower level of the Party organization that made the decision on disciplinary action for deliberation. The Party Committee (Party Group) at the next lower level of the Party organization that originally made the decision on disciplinary action, after soliciting the opinions of the discipline inspection organ with the authority of supervision and discipline, considered that it met the conditions for restoring party member’s rights, made the Decision on Restoring party member’s Rights to Comrade * * * (who was punished by staying in the Party for observation).And according to the cadre personnel management authority and organizational relationship, it is included in my file and copied to the party organization that originally made the decision on disciplinary action; That it does not meet the conditions for the restoration of party member’s rights, it shall be handled in accordance with the second and third paragraphs of Article 21 of the Regulations; However, if the disciplinary inspection organ with the authority to supervise and discipline clearly informs party member, who has been punished by staying in the Party for observation, that the clues about the suspected violation of discipline have not been ascertained, the party committee (party group) shall suspend the deliberation and shall not make a decision first, and the disciplinary inspection organ with the authority to supervise and discipline shall ascertain the situation and notify the party committee (party group) within 6 months from the date of feedback. Party member, who has been punished by probation for one year, intends to make a decision to extend the probation period for one year according to the procedures after the expiration of probation, which shall be handled with reference to the above procedures.

　　Two, on the issue of party member’s written application for the restoration of party member’s rights. After the expiration of party member’s probation, party member’s rights will be restored, and the party branch where he works will start the procedures ex officio within one month after the expiration of probation. After deliberation by the grass-roots party committee, it will be reported to the party committee (party group) at the next lower level of the party organization that made the disciplinary decision. Among them, if party member, who was punished by probation, submits a written application to his party branch to restore party member’s rights after the expiration of probation, the party branch shall start the procedures within 5 days after receiving the written application. The party organization that originally made the decision on disciplinary action and its following party organizations shall not determine that party member, who was punished by probation, did not show repentance during his probation; However, if party member, who was punished by staying in the Party for probation, took the initiative to report his thoughts, work and correct his mistakes, and voluntarily submitted the above-mentioned written application, the party branch where he worked can serve as an important reference for whether he meets the conditions for restoring party member’s rights.

　　Third, there is no subordinate relationship between the party organization that made the decision to stay on probation and the party branch where party member is subject to probation. In accordance with the "Regulations", if the corresponding party organization makes a decision to stay in the party for probation, after the probation period expires, with reference to the second paragraph of Article 44 of the Regulations, the grassroots disciplinary committee established by the grass-roots party committee where the punished person is related shall, in accordance with the conditions listed in the first and second paragraphs of Article 21 of the Regulations, form a resolution through discussion by the local party branch general party membership meeting, and make a decision to restore his party member rights or extend the probation period for one year after being submitted to the grass-roots party committee for deliberation and consent. After examination, the disciplinary inspection organ with the authority to supervise and discipline believes that it should be expelled from the party in accordance with the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 21 of the Regulations, and must also perform the approval procedures in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 14 of the Regulations. The disciplinary Committee at or above the county level and other corresponding party organizations that approved the expulsion from the party made a decision to expel the party, and copied to the party organization that originally made the decision on disciplinary action.

　　Discipline inspection organs at all levels should accurately grasp and implement the requirements of this notice, and assist Party committees at the same level to urge Party organizations at all levels within their jurisdiction to make a decision to restore party member’s rights, extend the probation period for one year or expel party member from the Party in strict accordance with their authority, procedures and prescribed conditions. For the problems encountered in the implementation, it is necessary to report to the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in a timely manner step by step (to the case trial room).

　　CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

　　June 19, 2023