Hebei Medical University： the cradle of medical talents in Yan and Zhao for a hundred years

In the 1930s, people from Hebei Provincial Medical College prepared for the celebration exhibition.

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It is the earliest government-run western medicine school in China, and it is the first of its kind in modern western medicine education in China.

It was established when the country resisted the danger of foreign humiliation, but it continued to grow in the war.

It spans two jiazi and three eras. After five relocations and eight name changes, it is still moving forward.

It witnessed the development of higher medical education in China, and it can be called the cradle of medical talents in Yanzhao.

It is another century-old university in our province-Hebei Medical University.

The earliest government-run western medicine school in China

"Even from the official establishment of Beiyang Western Medicine School in 1894, the history of Hebei Medical University has been as long as 122 years, with more than two jiazi, which is very early in Hebei Province and even the whole country." Talking about the long history of the school, Li Binzhi, an 82-year-old professor of Hebei Medical University who has studied the history of the school for many years, has a proud face.

Little known is that the establishment of Hebei Medical University originated from the lack of military medical talents.

In 1875, Li Hongzhang set up the Beiyang Navy. After inspecting the western military system, he thought that "medical officers are the most important in the March of western countries", so at the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, he hired "foreign doctors" to be assigned to various ships. "However, Li Hongzhang soon discovered that it costs a lot of money to hire these’ foreign doctors’. Therefore, he also advocated opening a medical museum in Tianjin to train western medicine talents. " Li Binzhi told reporters.

In the autumn of 1880, Li Hongzhang advocated donations from people from all walks of life in Tianjin, and raised a total of 6,200 pieces of silver, and personally donated 4,200 pieces of silver, and established a hospital for medical treatment and recuperation in Haidao Road, the French Concession in Tianjin, also known as the "Governor’s Hospital".

After the opening of the hospital, there was an endless stream of people who came to seek medical treatment. According to the data, there are more than 200 people seeking medical treatment every day in winter and as many as 400-500 people every day in summer, and the beds are often full.

This also makes it possible for Li Hongzhang’s idea of western medicine education to be realized.

Group photo of teachers and students of Beiyang Western Medicine School.

One day in September, 2003, a large stone tablet was unearthed at a construction site near Tianjin Stomatological Hospital. The inscription was entitled "Inscription on the newly-built nursing home" and the inscription was "Longfei Guangxu Sixth Year Gengchen Autumn September Hub Dan Jing Li". After textual research, the "nursing home" mentioned in this inscription is the one established by Li Hongzhang.

Nowadays, the equal-scale imitation of the stone tablet is placed in a conspicuous position in the school history museum of Hebei Medical University.

In 1881, the Qing government recalled public students studying in the United States for some reason, and Li Hongzhang took the opportunity to recruit eight returned students to Tianjin. In December of the same year, the Medical Museum was established and opened in the Governor’s Hospital. The Medical Museum was funded by Li Hongzhang and hired Ma Genji, a doctor of the London Missionary Society, as an instructor, also known as the "Medical School Affiliated to the Governor’s Hospital".

This medical museum is the predecessor of Hebei Medical University.

"The first batch of students are divided into two types: A and B, with a schooling system of 4 years and 3 years respectively. Ma Genji and British and American naval surgeons stationed in Tianjin jointly take up the teaching work. Courses include chemistry, biology, physics, anatomy, physiology, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics, facial features, dermatology and pharmacology. The teaching content is mainly practical, and the diseases that were popular in society at that time and difficult to treat by Chinese medicine are the teaching focus. Clinical teaching focuses on dermatology, ophthalmology and pediatrics. Compared with the education level in Europe and America at that time, there is not much difference in the form, content and quality of education. " Li Binzhi introduced.

The establishment of the Medical Museum opened the precedent of modern western medicine education in China.

In order to further cultivate medical talents, in 1893, Li Hongzhang set out to establish Beiyang Western Medicine School on the basis of the Medical Museum, and attached Beiyang Hospital to train military medical talents.

On June 26, 1894, Li Hongzhang’s "Fold of Medical School" was approved by Emperor Guangxu, and Beiyang Western Medicine School was formally established in Tianjin. In the same year, the school building was completed, and the school was officially enrolled. Lin Lianhui was appointed as the first general manager (principal) and Beiyang Hospital was used as the practice hospital.

According to Zhang Shaozu, a local education historian in Tianjin, the school at that time was divided into three schools.

"The front yard is slightly smaller, it is a bungalow, and there are administrative departments, such as the dean’s room, the school supervision room, the general affairs room, and the accounting room. There is a large bench in the gatehouse, where a person is on duty from morning till night, much like the present reception room. The Intermediate People’s Court is large, with a teaching building in the east, a classroom on the top and an auditorium on the bottom. Dormitories are on the southwest side. There is a library, a specimen room and a storage room on the north floor, and an X-ray room and a gym on the lower floor. The backyard is large, with a student kitchen, tennis courts and basketball courts. "

"The hospital is an old bungalow with corridors and three hospitals. The front yard is the outpatient department, with internal and external departments, obstetrics and gynecology, facial features, pharmacy and other departments. The Intermediate People’s Court is connected with the school, with several wards (about 50 or 60 beds), operating room, high-pressure disinfection room, optometry room and dispensing and preparation room. There are laboratories, animal rooms, autopsy rooms, football fields, morgues and back doors in the backyard. "

Beiyang Western Medicine School is the first government-run modern western medicine school in China. Beiyang Western Medicine School was established in 1894, which was also recognized as the founding year of Hebei Medical University.

The quality of first-class standard students is "one in a hundred"

The Medical Museum of Governor’s Hospital and the later Beiyang Western Medicine School were not only established early, but also their teaching level and student quality were first-class.

"After the establishment of the Governor’s Hospital Medical Museum, the first batch of students only had eight international students returning from North America, but there were as many as 22 faculty members, and the ratio of students to teachers was close to 1: 3. The teaching staff includes 16 western medicine teachers and 2 Chinese medicine teachers. Among the teachers, there are British doctors and French medical doctors, as well as China-level officials and hospital judges. It can be called a strong faculty. " Li Binzhi introduced.

"Why did the first batch only recruit eight returned international students? Because most of the medical museums at that time were teaching in English, the second batch of students were recruited from secondary schools in Hong Kong to meet the needs of English teaching. " Li Binzhi said.

In order to cultivate comprehensive medical talents, the school offered 13 basic courses such as anatomy, chemistry, pharmacology, pathology, bacteriology and forensic medicine, and 13 clinical courses such as traditional Chinese medicine, otolaryngology, psychiatry, infectious diseases and obstetrics and gynecology, with 180 teaching rooms in the school.

Among these courses, the most worth mentioning is the human anatomy course.

In China at that time, human anatomy was psychologically unacceptable to many people at that time. Therefore, it took great courage and determination to set up this course in Beiyang Western Medicine School, which has become one of the achievements praised by Beiyang Western Medicine School in many medical history works.

Due to the lack of archives, we have no way to know the specific situation of teaching in Beiyang Western Medicine School, but sporadic information in some medical history monographs shows that the human anatomy course taught in Beiyang Western Medicine School was the most systematic and complete in the country. This may be related to the fact that Beiyang Western Medicine School had its own affiliated hospital at the beginning of its establishment.

"It is conceivable that when Beiyang Western Medicine School taught the human anatomy class, it certainly caused a huge sensation, because after all, it is very sensitive to this kind of problem in China’s traditional culture." Li Binzhi believes.

In 1885, the first batch of students in the Medical Museum graduated, and they were all awarded with nine civil servants and received five or six titles. Except for the first Lin Lianhui and the second Xu Qinghua, the other students were assigned to the army or navy as military doctors. The second batch of students are all graduates of Hong Kong Normal School, who entered the school in 1883 and graduated in 1887. The third batch of 12 students are all graduates of Hong Kong Central School, and their study years have been extended due to their low English level, and two of them have even been transferred to Telegraph School.

这种高标准、严要求的办学理念延续至后来创办的北洋西医学堂。

“和总督医院医学馆主要由李鸿章资助不同，北洋西医学堂在当时属于公立学校，学生都是免费入学的。在议定设立西医学堂之初，政府就决心要开办一座全国最好的西医学堂，为海军培养专门的西医人才。因此在北洋西医学堂落成后，李鸿章委派英国爱丁堡医学院毕业的医学士、广东人曲桂庭为监督。起初，该学堂招生只限广东一省范围内，录取入学的学员，有关生活食宿均由校方无偿提供。另外每人月给纹银15两(约合大洋22元)，待遇之高，优于全国。”李彬之告诉记者。

后来，学校招生由只限广东改为面向全国。由于待遇好、名气大，全国的学子争先恐后报考该校。

北洋政府时期，北洋西医学堂共培养毕业生16期218人，基本满足了海军军医的人才需要。

中华民国成立以后，该学校每三年左右就面向全国招生一次，每次最多30名。招生考试相当严格，校长先亲自进行英语面试，考生朗读当时的天津《华北日报》，并口头译成汉语。翌日发榜及格者方准参加笔试。笔试每次考一门，次日发榜，无名者不能参加下一场考试，如此类推。因此投考者虽逾千名，参加笔试者每次递减，最后从余下的200多人中录取30名。笔试有英文作文、中文作文、算术、理化等。录取新生多来自广东、浙江、江苏、福建、直隶、天津等地。

砥砺前行 历经数次迁移和更名

“河北医科大学的前身——总督医院医学馆的建立与中国抵御外敌侵略的近代历史息息相关，它的成长变化也和近代社会变迁紧密相连。历经百年沧桑，医科大学先后经历了5次搬迁、8次更名，见证了我国高等医学教育的发展。”河北医科大学党委宣传部副部长张冶表示。

辛亥革命爆发后，封建帝制被推翻。1912年，国民政府教育部发布第十六号令，北洋西医学堂改称“直隶公立医学专门学校”。1915年，学校由天津迁往保定。1921年（民国十年），直隶省在保定成立河北大学，直隶公立医学专门学校改称“河北大学医科”。

1931年10月，河北大学停办，“河北大学医科”成立了独立医学院。1932年1月，河北省立医学院成立，原河北大学医科主任马桂丹教授为首任院长。九一八事变后的抗日烽火中，学院组织成立了抗日救护队，在淞沪抗战、长城抗战的战场上及后方医院中都有该校抗日救护队的身影。

1937年卢沟桥事变爆发后，建在保定的河北省立医学院地处战争前沿，学校老师和学生积极投入伤病员的救治工作当中，学校所有地方都成了伤病员的救治场所。同年9月，日军侵占河北保定，河北省立医学院被迫停办。

“河北省立医学院停办时，正值国民政府教育部筹建国立贵阳医学院，时任省立医学院院长的齐清心教授和时任河北省立医学院附属医院院长的贾魁教授，受邀参与组建国立贵阳医学院。贾魁教授负责带领学校师生南下贵阳，他们推着独轮车，步行几千里，历尽千辛万苦，长途跋涉来到武汉，终于陆续转移到贵阳。”张冶告诉记者。

1940年2月，河北省立医学院的学生成为国立贵阳医学院的首批毕业生。而在千里之外的晋察冀敌后抗日根据地，也到处活跃着殷希彭、刘濮、段惠轩、张禄增、王魁元等省立医学院师生们救治伤员的身影。

直到今天，河北医科大学校史馆内还保存着国际共产主义战士白求恩临终前赠送给殷希彭的医疗器械箱。殷希彭，这位从河北省立医学院走出来的医疗干部，后来成为了共和国开国少将。

抗战胜利后，省立医学院的师生们积极奔走，筹措复校事宜。1946年9月，复建后的河北省立医学院在保定招收了抗战胜利后的第一批学生。到1947年，学校又搬迁到了天津。

“我1948年入学，当时的学制是六年。学校在天津兰州道，共有4个班，而当时学校统共只有两间教室，没有宿舍，学生们都是走读。两间教室供四届学生轮流使用，哪个班有课哪个班用，但这种艰苦简陋的条件，却丝毫没有影响同学们的求学热情，每个人都很认真。”省传染病学学术带头人、河北医科大学第三医院原院长裴琇教授已87岁高龄，仍对当年的往事记忆犹新。

1949年天津解放，同年4月该校改称河北医学院，归华北人民政府卫生部领导，学校此时只设有医疗系一个专业，学制六年。“天津中华人民共和国成立后，学院搬到了天津总医院对面。校舍多了，老师也多了，学生们也有宿舍了，条件稍好些。”裴琇说。

为改善办学条件，1952年河北医学院迁往保定，并在北关建立河北医学院附属医院，开诊病床250张。“搬到保定北关后，学校就比较稳定了。当时好多老师还是聘请天津医学院、天津总医院的，老师上课要从天津坐火车到保定，上完课再回去。那时候上课都没有教科书，老师只有讲义和板书。我们只有努力学认真记，下课后再到图书馆借书补充知识。”裴琇回忆。

1956年，省政府决定河北医学院由保定迁往石家庄市，并于当年开始在石家庄今中山路、体育大街一带兴建校舍和附属医院，1958年8月16日正式在新校址办公。

其后，河北医学院又几经扩建和合并，直到1995年5月，河北医学院、河北中医学院、石家庄医学高等专科学校合并组建河北医科大学（2013年4月河北中医学院恢复独立建制）。

2016年7月河北省人民政府、国家卫生计生委和教育部共建河北医科大学的意见正式签署，历经百年风雨的河北医科大学正式进入省部委共建高校行列。

如今的河北医科大学

桃李满园 服务河北基层医疗卫生事业

从北洋西医学堂到河北医科大学，从最初的8名学生到现在的桃李满园，一个多世纪来，医大培养出了不计其数的医学人才。

从抗日将军殷希彭，到中国解剖学的奠基人张岩；从细菌学大师杨俊阶，到病理学大师何瑞荣；从国内最早创办影像学大专班的李香华，到中国第二位南丁格尔奖获得者司范堃；从中国碘盐标准的制定者于志恒，到完成全国首例断指再植的凌彤；从河北省第一位女博士生导师凌亦凌，到河北培养的第一位中国工程院院士李春岩……河北医科大学，在医学科研和教学领域不断见证和创造历史。

如今，河北医科大学已经建有两个校区，14个学院，开设23个本专科专业。有4个博士后科研流动站，42个学科具有博士学位授予权，68个学科具有硕士学位授予权。学校面向全国招生，在校生总数逾万人，并有来自30多个国家和地区的留学生近600人。

“在科研和教学领域，我们要不断‘攀高’，勇于向一流医科大学迈进。但与此同时，我们更须‘根深’，永远不忘服务基层。”河北医大党委书记翟海魂认为。

事实上，服务基层医疗卫生事业，是河北医科大学一直坚持的办学原则。

早在1932年，河北省立医学院附属医院院长于绍庆根据当时普通患者经济困难的国情，发表了《医疗应如何平民化》的演讲，为医疗平民化大声疾呼。

1958年，河北医学院迁建到石家庄市后，学校实行了城乡交替、分科轮回的实习制度。从此，这种服务基层医疗的做法成为河北医科大学的办学特色。

如今，这一优良传统得到很好的传承和发扬。

“近30年来，学校通过‘走下去’帮教、‘全天候’指导、‘物质上’援助、‘互动式’交流等多种方式，对口帮扶县医院、乡镇卫生院93所。如今，这些县域内乡村医院依托河北医大的点对点帮扶，基础设施逐步完善，医疗水平日渐提高，已经成为当地百姓信得过的医院。”河北医科大学党委宣传部部长李晓玲介绍。

“乡村医疗的一线主力是扎根基层的乡医。年年送去一支流动的医疗队，不如留下一支‘带不走’的医疗队。”李晓玲表示，为提高基层医生的专业水平，从根本上解决基层群众看病难的问题，近年来，河北医科大学还致力于乡村医生的教育培训，至今已经为基层医院、卫生室共培养专科以上医学人才近十万人。

2016年，学校又在数十年对口帮扶基层医疗单位、培训乡村医生的基础上，成立了乡村医师学院，并举办了三期免费脱产的乡村医生培训班，教材、食宿等费用均由学校承担。

“我参加了三期培训班的开班仪式和结业仪式，并给他们颁发了结业证书。给我印象最深的是一位69岁的老乡村医生，他是参加培训的村医里年纪最大的一位，我至今忘不了他获得结业证书时的喜悦和激动。”翟海魂动情地说。

医学院校成立专门的乡村医师学院培训乡村医生，这在全国尚属首创。

“今后，我们将继续发挥教育、医疗资源优势，进一步做好支农、惠农服务活动，为发展农村医疗卫生事业，提高群众健康水平作出更大贡献。”翟海魂表示。

这座曾以近代中国第一所官办西医学校而自豪的百年高校，正在焕发新的生机。

(本版图片均由河北医科大学党委宣传部提供)（记者 王思达）